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EnglishLiteraturePart11TheMiddleAgesTheAnglo-SaxonPeriod(449~1066)Reference:1)Theliteratureofearlyperiodfallsnaturallyintotwodivisions,PaganandChristian.(异教徒文学和基督徒文学)PaganrepresentsthepoetrywhichtheAnglo-Saxonsprobablybroughtwiththemintheformoforalsagas(口头诗歌),thecrudematerialoutofwhichliteraturewasslowlydevelopedonEnglishsoil;Christianrepresentsthewritingsdevelopedundertheteachingofthemonks.(僧侣)2)AmongtheearlyAnglo-SaxonpoetswemaymentionCaedmon(开德蒙thefirstimportantreligiouspoetinEnglishliterature)wholivedinthelatterhalfofthe7thcenturyandwroteapoeticparaphraseoftheBible;Cynewulf(琴涅武甫),theauthorofpoemsonreligioussubjects.Beowulf:thenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons,representsthespiritofpaganArtisticfeatures:1)Usingalliteration押头韵（Definitionofalliteration:arhetoricaldevice,meaningsomewordsinasentencebeginwiththesameconsonantsound）2)Usingmetaphorandunderstatement(Definitionofunderstatement:expressingsomethinginacontrolledway.UnderstatementisatypicalwayforEnglishmentoexpresstheirideas.保守的陈述)ThingsandFiguresmentioned:Beowulf(theTeutonichero)Hrothgar(theKingoftheDanes)Heorot鹿厅Grendel(thehalf-humanmonster)Beacon(Beowulf墓上所建)Scyld赛亚德Definitionsofimportantliteraryterms:1．1)Epic(heroicpoetry):Anepicisalongoralnarrativepoemthatoperatesonagrandscaleanddealswithlegendaryorhistoricaleventsofnationaloruniversalsignificance.Mostepicsdealwiththeexploits(功勋)ofasingleindividualandalsointerlace(交织、交错)themainnarrativewithmyths,legends,folktalesandpastevents;thereisacomposite（复合的）effect,theentirecultureofacountrycoheringintheoverallexperienceofthepoem.Epicpoemsarenotmerelyentertainingstoriesoflegendaryorhistoricalheroes;theysummarizeandexpressthenatureoridealsofanentirenationatasignificantorcrucialperiodofitshistory.史诗是长篇口头叙事诗，内容广泛，通常以重要传说或者重大历史事件为题材。大部分的史诗歌颂个人的英雄事迹，同时也在叙述中插入神话、传说、民间故事以及历史事件；一个民族的整体文化与全诗所讲的经历紧密联系，造成一种复合的效果。史诗不仅仅是愉悦人的传奇故事或者历史英雄事迹，它们总结以及表达了一个民族在其历史上一个重要或者关键时期的本质或者理想。(简要地说就是：alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.)2)Alliteration(headrhymeorinitialrhyme):therepetitionofthesamesounds—usuallyinitialconsonants(辅音)ofwordsorstressedsyllables(音节)—inanysequenceofneighbouringwords.Nowanoptionalandincidental(附带的)decorativeeffectinverse(诗)orprose(散文),itwasoncearequiredelementinthepoetryofGermaniclanguages(includingoldEnglishandoldNorse挪威语)andinCelticverse(wherealliteratedsoundscouldregularlybeplacedinpositionsotherthan除了thebeginningofawordorsyllable).Suchpoetry,inwhichalliterationratherthanrhymeisthechiefprincipleofrepetition,isknownasalliterativeverse;itsrulesalsoallowavowelsoundtoalliteratewithanyothervowel.Otherworks:1)Bede比德(excellentwriterinAnglo-Saxonperiod)-HistoriaEcclesiasticaGentisAnglorum英吉利人教会史EnglishLiteraturePart122)KingAlfredtheGreat艾尔弗雷德大帝(英国散文之父)-Anglo-SaxonChronicle盎格鲁撒克逊编年史TheAnglo-NormanPeriod(1066~1350)Reference:1)TheliteraturewhichNormansbroughttoEnglandisremarkableforitsbright,romantictalesofloveandadventure,inmarkedcontrastwiththestrengthandsomberness(昏暗、暗淡)ofAnglo-Saxonpoetry.2)EnglishliteratureattheAnglo-NormanperiodwasacombinationofFrenchandSaxonelements.Works:SirGawainandtheGreenKnight（Alliteration）ThingsandFiguresmentioned:Gawain(theknight)Arthur(theking)Camelot(Arthur’spalace)TheGreenKnight(agiganticone)themagicgreengirdle(绿腰带)Definitionsofimportantliteraryterms:1)Canto(诗章):asubdivisionofanepicorothernarrativepoem,equivalenttoachapterinaprosework.2)Legend：Astoryorgroupofstorieshandeddownthroughpopularoraltradition,usuallyconsistingofanexaggeratedoranunrealiableaccountofsomeactuallyorpossiblyhistoricalperson—oftenasaint,monarch,orpopularhero.Legendsaresometimesdistinguishingfrommythsinthattheyconcernhumanbeingsratherthangods,andsometimestheyhavesomesortofhistoricalbasiswhereasmythsdonot,butthesedistinctionsaredifficulttomaintainconsistantly.Thistermwasoriginallyappliedtoaccountsofsaints’lives,butisnowmainlyappliedtofancifultalesofwarriors(eg.KingArthurandhisknights),criminals(eg.RobinHood),andothersinners;ormorerecentlytothosebodiesofbiographicalrumourandembroideredanecdotesurroundingdeadfilmstarsandrockmusicians(eg.JohnLennon)3)ArthurianLegend:Agroupoftales(inseverallanguages)thatdevelopedintheMiddleAgesconcerningArthur,semi-historicalkingofBritans,andhisknights.ThelegendisacomplexweavingofancientCelticmythology(神话)withlatertraditionsaroundacoreofpossiblehistoricalauthenticity(真实性).GeofferyChaucer杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400Reference:1)首创“英雄双韵体”HeroicCouplet，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（JohnDryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”ThefatherofEnglishpoetry.)2)Chaucerbelievesintherightofmantoearthlyhappiness.(世人有谋求世俗幸福的权利。乔叟著作字里行间流露着轻松欢快的思想，这成为了后来文艺复兴时期的主要特征，乔叟也因此成为文艺复兴的先驱。)3)ChaucerwasburiedinWestminsterAbbeythepoet’sCorner.4)Chaucerwasinfluencedby3literatures:①Frenchliterature(inthisperiod,hewroteinthemanneroftheFrenchpoets(仿效),andtranslatedvariousworksofFrenchauthors,eg.TheBookofDuchess悼公爵夫人(创作);RomanceoftheRose玫瑰传奇（伦敦方言cockneyese译作）→八音节对偶句)②Italianliterature(TheLegendofGoodWomen好女人的故事→首次使用英雄双韵体;TroislusandCriseyde特洛伊勒斯和克莱西德—ChaucercomposedthislongnarrativepoembasedonB