研究生英语2-7ppt

Unit7ScienceTextTheFutureofRobotsPage2II.Informationrelatedtothetext1.robot:Arobotisavirtualormechanicalartificialagent.2.EuropeanRenaissance:TheRenaissancewasculturalmovementthatspannedroughlythe14thtothe17thcentury,beginninginFlorenceinthelateMiddleAgesandlaterspreadingtotherestofEurope.III.LanguagePoints1.Humanexperienceismarkedbyarefusaltoobeyourlimitations.(Para.1):Theevolutionofhumanbeingcanbeindicatedbytheprocessofbreakingthroughlimitationsofourselves.2.Suchinventionsledscientistsandphilosopherstospeculatethatthehumanbrainitselfwasjustanelaborateautomation.(Para.3):Suchinventionsledscientistsandphilosopherstomakeguessesthathumanbrainislikeacomplexmachinewhichworksbyitself.•3.Leibnizwasontosomething.(Para.4):Leibniz’sideaabouthowhumanbrainsworkisverygreat.•4.Capekintendedhisintelligentmachinestobeevilintheirperfection,theirperfectrationalityscornfulofhumanfrailty.(Para.6):TherobotcreatedbyCapekwasperfectbutevil.Ithadstrongreasontoshowitsscornfortheweaknessofhumanbeings.•5.Theserobotsultimatelyriseupagainsttheirmastersanddestroyallhumankind,adystopiannotionthathasbeenechoedinmuchsciencefictionsince.(Para.6):Finallytheserobotsrebelledagainsttheircreatorsandkilledallhumanbeings.Fromthenon,alotofsciencefictionsgavetheirexpressionstothisbadimpressionofrobots.•Riseupagainst:begintobeactiveinopposition•TheNationalConventionhaspromisedarmedsupporttoanypeoplewhowishtoriseupagainstarmedoppression.青衣•6.Thespecterofmachineintelligenceenslavingitscreatorshascontinuedtoimpressitselfonthepublicconsciousness.(Para.7):Thefearfulfeelingofrobotsholdingdownhumanbeingsisdeeplyembeddedinpeople’smemory.•7.Theideahasbeenreinforcedthroughoutthe20thcentury,asandroidsengagedthepopularimaginationinfictionandfilm,fromRosietoC-3POandtheTerminator.(Para.7):Throughoutthe20thcentury,theideahasbeenstrengthened,forthemixofrobotandhumanbeingwasverypopularasacharacterinlotsofsciencefictions•8.Butwhenwethinkoftheworld‘robot”,Capek’scentury-oldconceptofmachinesmadeinourownimagestilldominatesourimaginationandinspiresourgoals.(Para.8):Butwhenwerefertotheword“robot”,thehuman-likefigurecreatedbyCapekonecenturyagostillhadpowerfulinfluenceonourimagination.AnditalwaysgaveusenthusiamstoreachthegoalofbuildingarobotliketheonedescribedbyCapek.9.Andthebodyitselfrepresentsmuchofourcomplexity:Thereismoreinformationinthehumangenome,whichdescribesthehumanbody,thaninthedesignofthebrain.(Para.9):Thebodyitselfisveycomplex.Thereismoreinformationingenomethatdescribesthebodythaninformationinthegenomethatdescribesthebrain.10.Ourgraspofbiologyisproceedingatanacceleratingpace,alsoexponentiallyincreasingeveryyear.(Para.10):Thespeedofourunderstandingaboutbiologybecomesfasterandfaster,andourknowledgeincreasesveyrapidly.11.Thethree-dimensionalresolutionofbrainscanshasbeenexponentiallyincreasing,andthelatestgenerationofscannerscanimageindividualneuronalconnectionsfiringinrealtime.(Para.11):Thedetailsyoucanseefromthethree-dimensionalbrainscanshavebeenincreasingrapidly,andthelatestgenerationofscannerscanletusseethepicturesofhowindividualneuronalconnectionsstarttoworkinstantly.12.Andtheyareshowingthatthisinformationcanbeunderstoodbyconvertingitintomodelsandsimulationsofbrainregions,sometwodozenofwhichhavealreadybeencompleted.(Para.11):Thescientistsareshowingusthatwecanunderstandthisinformationofbrainbythewayofdescribinghowthisinformationworksandintimatingtheprocessofhowitworksinsomebrainregions.Scientistshavealreadyunderstoodtheinformationin24ofthesebainregions.•13.I’veestiamtedtheamountofinformationrequiredtocharacterizethestateofamaturebrainatthousandsoftrillionsofbytes:alotofcomplexity.(Para.12):I’vecalculatedhowmuchinformationisneededtodescribethefeaturesofthebrainofamaturehuman.Itneedsthousandsoftrillionsofbytes,whichisverycomplex.14.Itisrepletewithredundancies,however;onelengthysequencecalledALUisrepeated300,000times.(Para.13):Itisfullofthingthatarenotneededbecausethesamethingsorsimilarthingsalreadyexist,forexample,ALUsequenceisrepeatedfor300,000times.15.Mypointisnotthatthebrainissimple,butthatthedesignisatalevelofcomplexitythatwecanfathomandmanage.(Para.15):Itdoesn’tmeanthatthebainiseasytounderstand;howeverwehavetheabilitytoundersandthedesignofbainandwecanhandleit.16.Andbyapplyingthelawofacceleratingreturnstotheproblemofanalyzingthebrain’scomplexity,wecanreasonablyforecastthattherewillbeexhaustivemodelsandsimulationsofallseveralhundredregionsofthehumanbrainwithinabout20years.(Para.15):Ifweapplythelawofacceleratingreturnstotheproblemofanalyzingbrain’scomplexity,wehavethereasontobelievethatwecanfinishtheworkofimitatingtheprocessofhowthebrainworksinallbrainregionswithinabout20years.•17.Wewillalsobythenbeabletoconstructfullyhumanlikeandroidsatexquisitelevelsofdetailandsendblood-cell-sizerobotsintoourbodiesandbrainstokeepushealthyfrominsideandtoaugmentourintellect.(Para.16):Atthattimewecanbuildextremelydelicaterobotswhichareexactlylikehumanbeingsfromeverydetailanwecansendverysmallrobotslikeblood-cellinsizeintoourbodiesandbrainstokeepushealthyandimproveourintelligenc