Chomsky-乔姆斯基

ChomskyanRevolutionLecture–08Presentedby:ZhangZaihongDept.ofForeignLanguages,HUSTAboutNoamChomsky1928:borninPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania.ParentsbothcollegeprofessorsandtaughtHebrew.HisfatherwrotegrammarofHebrewoftheMiddleAgesAt12yearsold,ChomskycouldreadandtranslateFrenchandRussianclassics.1945-1955:studiedphilosophyandlinguisticsattheUniversityofPennsylvania,learningfromZelligHarris1955:PhD,UniversityofPennsylvania,hisdoctoraldissertationentitled,TransformationalAnalysis.1955:taughtatMITfor19years.1957:CouldnotgethisideasacceptedatfirstintheUnitedStates,sohisfirstbook,SyntacticStructures,waspublishedin1957byaDutchcompany.1961:appointedfullprofessorintheDepartmentofModernLanguagesandLinguistics(nowtheDepartmentofLinguisticsandPhilosophy.)1965:AspectsoftheTheoryofSyntax(standardtheory)1973:”ConditionsonTransformations”—governmentandbindingtheory1976:appointedInstituteProfessor.1981:LecturesonGovernmentandBinding1995:TheMinimalistProgramInstituteProfessorAttheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologythetitleofInstituteProfessorisgiventoasmallnumberofmembersofthefacultywithextraordinaryrecordsofachievement—normallytonomorethantwelveprofessors.AtsomeuniversitiesthetitlesofDistinguishedProfessororUniversityProfessororRegents(美国州立大学的校务委员)Professorarecounterpartsofthistitle.SyntacticStructuresAspectsoftheTheoryofSyntaxLecturesonGovernmentandBindingTheMinimalistProgram1981199519651957Chomsky’sTheoryinaNutshellLanguageacquisitiondeviceAnimportantconceptofinnatenesshypothesis,whichexplainshowchildrenareabletolearntheirlanguage.Thecapacitytoacquireone’sfirstlanguage.Includesbasicknowledgeaboutthenatureandstructureofhumanlanguage(grammaticalrelationsandcategories).EverynormalhumanbeingwasbornwithanLAD.LADprobablyconsistsofthreeelementsHypothesismaker----theinbornmechanismwhichhelpsthechildlookforregularitiesinthespeecharoundhim,makeguessesonthebasisoflinguisticdataandformthebasicideasaboutsomelinguisticfacts.Evaluationprocedure----akindofinnatemechanismwhichhelpsthechildtomakejudgmentaboutanumberofpossiblehypotheses(grammars)hehaveformedandchoosethebestone.Universalgrammar（普遍语法）----``thesystemofprinciples,conditions,andrulesthatareelementsorpropertiesofallhumanlanguages...theessenceofhumanlanguage''[Chomsky,1978].UniversalGrammarVs.ParticularGrammarPG=a●UGa=aparticularlanguageEveryspeakerknowsasetofprinciple(grammar)whichappliestoalllanguages,andalsoasetofparameters（参量）（eg.PG=a●UG中，aisaparameter）thatcanvaryfromonelanguagetoanother,butonlywithincertainlimits.E.g.Whena=Chinese,thena●UG=ChineseGrammar.SYNTAX•Generativegrammar----therulesthatallowaspeakertoconvertinformationintoagrammaticalform.•Alsocalled“generativegrammar”,orGenerativeTransformationalGrammar•Concernedwithfindingoutthelanguageuniversals•Todescribetheunconsciouslinguisticknowledge(competence)ofthespeakerCompetence（语言能力）VsPerformance（语言使用）Competenceknowledgeoflanguage,theinternalizedsetofprincipleswhichenablesthelanguageusertorecognizeandproducewell-formedsentences.人脑中内在的语法知识Performanceuseoflanguageinwritingorspeaking说话、写文章等具体行为Chomsky:alinguistshouldinvestigatethelanguageuser'scompetence,notperformanceCriteriaforjudginggrammarThreelevelsofadequacyLevel1:observationaladequacyLevel2:DescriptiveadequacyLevel3:ExplanatoryadequacyLevel1:observationaladequacyPropertyofagrammarallowingallwell-formedsentencesandexcludingallill-formedsentences.theweakestformofadequacyIfAnygrammarofEnglishspecifiesthattheS“Theseboysdon’tlikethosegirls”grammaticalYes!Yes!IfAnygrammarofEnglishwhichspecifiesthat“Theseboydon’tlikethisgirls”grammaticalNo!Level2:Descriptiveadequacyifitcorrectlyspecifieswhichsentencesare(andarenot)syntactically,semantically,morphologically,andphonologicallywell-formedinthelanguageobservationaladequacy+descriptionofgrammarinaprincipledway.alsoproperlydescribesthesyntactic,semantic,morphological,andphonologicalstructureofthesentencesinthelanguageorthespeaker’sintuitionaboutthisstructure.+Level3:ExplanatoryadequacyobservationalanddescriptiveadequacyItiswhatChomskystrivestoachieve!anddescribesthegrammarintermsofamaximallyconstrainedsetofuniversalprinciples(universalgrammar)whichrevealshumancognitivesystems.+strongestformofadequacyThreeLevelsofAdequacyCompetenceGrammarTheoryofGrammarLanguageFacultyDataObservationalAdequacyExplanatoryAdequacyDescriptiveAdequacyDevelopmentofgenerativegrammar•TheFirstLinguisticModel/TheClassicalTheory–(Chomskyearly1950s—1965)•StandardTheory–(Chomsky1965)•ExtendedStandardTheory–(Chomsky1970,…)•GovernmentandBindingTheory–(Chomsky1981,1986)•MinimalistProgram–(Chomsky1993)I.ThefirstLinguisticModel:threecomponentsPhrasestructurerulesMorphophoneticrulesTransformationalrulesPhrasestructureruleMorphophoneticrulesTransformationalrulesdefinetheorderthatwordsmustappearinwithinaphrase;whatphrasestructuresarenecessaryinasentenceguidetheconversionofasentencetoaquestion,frompresenttensetopast,oractivetopassivegoverntheruleofspokenproductionofmorphologicalderivationsPhraseStructureGrammars•Proposedbyneobehaviorists(e.g.,Jenkins&Palermo,1964)