Enlightenment-&-Franklin美国启蒙运动以及富兰克林的介绍

AmericanEnlightenment（&BenjaminFranklin）ByKiannaMeredithPoppyIvyAmericanEnlightenment·Introduction·WorksBenjaminFranklin·LifeExperiences·Works1620,theMayflowerCompactAmericanindependenceandconstitutionAmericanEnlightenmentBackgroundCharacteristicsFunctionsBackgroundEnlightenment18thcentury–theAgeofReasonreasonorrationalthoughtExtensivebooktradeCharacteristicsEnlightenment1.emphasizeScientificReasoningpolitics,science,religion,promotedreligioustolerance,restoredliterature,arts,music,professionsshouldbelearnedincollege(subjects,suchasscienceandmathematics)ForemostRepresentativesEnlightenmentleadingpoliticalthinkersForemostRepresentativesEnlightenmentleadingscientistsCharacteristicsEnlightenment1.emphasizeScientificReasoning2.emphasizeHumanRights---science&religion---Deism:philosophicalbeliefinadeitybasedonreasonratherthanfaithFunctionsEnlightenment1.promotereligioustolerance-freedAmericansfromestablishedreligion(Puritanism)questionprophecy,miracles,RevealedReligion(religionbelievedtohavebeenrevealedtomankinddirectlybyGod)FunctionsEnlightenment1.promotereligioustoleranceEnlightenedFoundingFathers:allfaithsliveinpeace//mutualbenefitConnecticutConstitutionin1818-freedomofreligionFunctionsEnlightenment1.promotereligioustolerance*Reason*EnlightenedGovernment*ReligiousTolerance*NaturalRights2.striveforindependenceanddemocracyRepublicanismFunctionsEnlightenment---acompletelyreversaloftheideaofDivineRightRepublicanismDivineRightFunctionsEnlightenmentRepublicanism1.leaderschosenbythemasses(notbyGod)2.riddance(甩掉包袱)ofaristocracy3.fearofcorruptionBritain:corruptandhostileathreattotheestablishedliberties(P16)FunctionsEnlightenment1.economicalliberty2.religioustolerance3.republicanism2.striveforindependenceanddemocracyU.S.DeclarationofIndependenceAfterbreakingtheauthoritiesoftheChurch,peoplebegantoquestionotherthingsaswell.ThismovementiscollectivelycalledtheEnlightenment.summaryultimatelyamoredemocraticsocietyAmericanEnlightenment·Introduction·WorksBenjaminFranklin·LifeExperiences·WorksLeadingwritersandtheirworksThomasJefferson(1743-1826):TheDeclarationofIndependence(1776)ThomasPaine(1737-1809):CommonSense(1776)BenjaminFranklin:AutobiographyPhilipFreneau:“TheWildHoneySuckle”ThomasJefferson1743-1826(美国第三任总统)Enlightener,planter,aristocrat,lawyer,asymbolofAmericandemocracy.Manofmanytalents:scientist,inventor,musician,linguist,architect,diplomatandwriter.托马斯·杰斐逊生于1743年。1767年取得律师资格。1767年进入殖民地议会。1776年，参加《独立宣言》五人起草委员会，成为宣言的主要起草人。1776年重返弗吉尼亚议会，制定宗教信仰自由法案。1779一1781年任弗吉尼亚州长。1784年出任驻法公使。1789年任国务卿。1800年当选总统。TheDeclarationofIndependenceishisgreatmonumentinliteratureandpoliticaltheory.ThedocumentwassignedonAug.2by56colonialrepresentatives.ThomasPaine1737-1809Propagandist,pamphleteer,amasterofpersuasionwhounderstandsthepoweroflanguagetomoveamantoaction.Mainworks:CommonSenseTheAmericanCrisisTherightsofmanTheAgeofReasonWorksofThomasPaineCommonSense(1776)urgedanimmediatedeclarationofindependenceTheAmericanCrisis(Dec.1776-April1783),aseriesof16pamphletsinsupportoftheRevolutionaryWarTheRightsofMan(1791-2),adefenseoftheFrenchRevolutionagainsttheattacksofEdmundBurkeTheAgeofReason(1794-5),hisgreatdeistic(自然神论的)workTheAphoristicStyle(格言风格)Paine’slanguageissimpleandblunt,hecomposessomesentenceswithextracare,achievingwhatiscalledanaphoristicstyle.Thesearememorablestatementsinthemselves:Whatweobtaintoocheap,weesteemtoolightly”;“Tyranny,likehell,isnoteasilyconquered.”IneachcasePainecutsandpolishedthesentencetomakeitstandout.PoliticalCareerHeservedhiscountryasMinistertoFrance(1784-1789),SecretaryofState(1789-1793),VicePresident(1791-1801)andthirdPresident(1801-1809).BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)A.Status:oneofthegreatestfoundingfathersoftheAmericanNationararegeniusinhumanhistoryJackofalltrades:essayist,autobiographicalwriter,printer,scientist,postmaster,almanacmaker,orator,statesman,philosopher,politicaleconomist,ambassador,parlorman,almosteverythingMainWorks1.PoorRichard’sAlmanacItcontainsmanyproverbs2.AutobiographyWithithesettheformforautobiographyasagenre.Style:hedevelopedanutilitariananddidacticstyle.Hisstyleischaracterizedbysimplicity,frankness,wit,clarity,logicandorder.PhilipFreneau(1752-1832)“PoetoftheAmericanRevolution”“FatherofAmericanPoetry”“PioneeroftheNewRomanticism”“Agiftedandversatilelyricpoet”《美洲光辉的兴起》《夜之屋》《英国囚船》Works•“TheRisingGloryofAmerica”(1772)•“TheHouseofNight”(1779,1786)•“TheBritishPrisonShip”(1781)•“TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans”(1781)•“TheWildHoneySuckle”(1786)•“TheIndianBuryingGround”(1788)•“TheDyingIndian:TomoChequi”《野金银花》《印第安人墓地》TheWildHoneysuckleItisconsideredoneoftheauthor’sfinestnaturepoems.本诗写于1786年，据说是诗人在南卡罗林纳州查尔斯顿看到一簇幽生的花之后有感而作的。这是一首脍炙人口的小诗，诗人以敏锐的观察力，浅俗的词汇，优美的韵律和清晰的意象，细腻生动地描述了盛开于北美大地不为人们注意的野金银花。弗瑞诺以他对美洲大地的深厚感情，洞幽烛微的感受力，和美妙音乐，通过对野金银花的生长环境及其盛衰变迁的描述，抒发了他对短暂人生的感叹．使本诗在清丽的意境和浓郁的美洲大地的乡土气息中加入一层哲理的思考。AmericanEnlightenment·Introduction·WorksBenjaminFranklin·LifeExperiences·WorksBenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)BenjaminFranklinwasoneoftheFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStates.Arenownedpolymath,Fran