乳糖和乳制品在断奶仔猪饲料中的应用

ChallengesFacedbyEarly-WeanedPigs早期断奶仔猪所面临的挑战Fromliquidtodrydiet从液体母乳到固体饲料的转变Strangeenvironment陌生的环境变化Immaturedigestivesystem发育不全的消化系统Poorimmunestatus不完善的免疫机制ImmunityinYoungPigs幼龄猪免疫力的变化DigestiveEnzymeDevelopmentinYoungPigs幼龄猪消化酶的发育和变化WhatKindofDietisNeededbyNewlyWeanedPigs?断奶仔猪需要什么类型的日粮?Palatable适口性好Readilydigestibleproteinsource易消化的蛋白质来源Excellentprofileofaminoacids理想的氨基酸组成Readilydigestiblecarbohydratesource(lactose)易消化的碳水化合物来源(乳糖)Background研究背景Driedmilk-basedproductshavebeenusedinpigstarterdietsformanyyears.干乳制品在仔猪断奶料中已经使用许多年.Theseproductsenhancefeedintake,growthrate,andhealthofnewlyweanedpigs.这些产品能够提高断奶仔猪的饲料采食量,生长率和健康.Milkcontainsmanyimportantcomponentswithsuperiornutritionalvalueforpigs.奶制品含有许多对仔猪具有高营养价值的重要成分.Theseincludecarbohydrates(lactose),proteins(aminoacids,specificproteins),lipids,Ca,P,andothermineralsandvitamins.这些包括碳水化合物(乳糖),蛋白质(氨基酸,特殊蛋白),乳脂,钙,磷,和其他矿物质和维生素DriedProductsfromLiquidMilk来源于液体乳的干奶制品DriedMilkPowder干奶粉50-75yearsago,pigswereroutinelyweanedat6-8weeksofage.50到75年前,猪的常规断奶年龄为6到8周.Inthe1960’sswineproducersbegantoadoptmoreintensiveproductionpractices–ledtoearlierweaningofpigs–at3-4weeks.60年代开始,养猪生产者采用了更为集约化的生产方式,导致仔猪的早期断奶(3到4周龄断奶).Inclusionofdriedmilkpowderordriedskimmilkinpostweaningdietsbecameacommonpractice.在日粮中添加奶粉或脱脂奶粉变的非常普遍.Thiswasnecessarytokeeppigsalive,healthy,andgrowing.乳制品是维持仔猪生命,健康和生长所必须.DriedMilkPowder奶粉Today,withimprovedenvironmentsandspecializedingredients(driedwhey,lactose,driedbloodplasma,driedbloodcells,fishmeal),driedmilkisseldomused.当今,应用饲养环境的改善和特殊饲料原料(乳清粉,乳糖,血浆蛋白粉,血细胞粉,鱼粉)的广泛使用,奶粉已经很少使用.Readilydigestiblecarbohydrates(suchaslactose)areessentialtoprovideenergy.易消化碳水化合物(乳糖)是提供仔猪能量所必须的.Sourceoflactoseiswhey.乳糖的来源主要是乳清产品.DriedProductsfromCheeseProduction来源于乳酪生产的干奶制品Milk鲜奶Cheese乳酪LiquidWhey液体乳清WheyProcessing乳清的加工过程LiquidWhey液体乳清Liquidwheywasonceconsideredawasteproduct.液体乳清曾经被认为是废弃物品.Itwasdisposedby通过以下方式处理:dumpingitintowaterways倒入河流或水域Spreadingitoncropland喷洒在农田中Transportingittolandfills运输和倾倒在垃圾堆场Insomepartsoftheworld,liquidwheyisfeddirectlytopigs.有些国家把液体乳清直接用来喂猪.Thisisgenerallylimitedtoareasclosetocheesefactories.这种饲喂方式主要是在靠近乳酪生产厂的地区.Today,mostofthewheyisdried.今天,多数液体乳清被干燥使用.Milk鲜奶Cheese乳酪LiquidWhey液体乳清Drying干燥WheyProcessingDriedWhey干乳清粉DriedWhey乳清粉Ifwheyiscarefullydried,itmakesanexcellentingredientforanimalfeeds.仔细干燥的优质乳清粉是极好的动物饲料原料.Driedwheyisthelargestmilk-basedfeedingredientusedinthefeedandpetfoodindustriesintheUSA.乳清粉是美国饲料和宠物饲料中使用的最大乳制品原料.Aboutone-halfofthedriedwheyproducedintheUSAisusedinanimalfeeds(milkreplacersandpigstarters).在美国所生产的乳清粉大约50%用于动物饲料.Almostallpigstarterdietscontaindriedwheyand/oroneofitsmajorcomponents,lactose.几乎所有的乳仔猪料中都含有乳清粉或它的主要成分-乳糖.DriedWhey乳清粉Typicallycontainsabout68%lactoseand12%protein乳清粉通常含有68%的乳糖和12%的蛋白.Majorproteins:b-lactoglobulin,a-lactalbumin,bovineserumalbumin,andimmunoglobulin.主要的蛋白组成是-乳球蛋白,-乳白蛋白,牛血清白蛋白,和免疫球蛋白.Sourceofaminoacids氨基酸来源Serveasadefenseagainstmicrobialinfections作为抵御微生物侵入的防御系统Sourceofgrowthfactorsandmodulators生长和调节代谢因子的来源Otherproteinswithimportantbiologicalproperties其他具有重要生物学特性的蛋白质:Lactoferrin,lactoperoxidase,lysozymecaseinglycomacropeptide,phosphopeptides,andfatglobulemembraneproteins乳铁蛋白,乳过氧化物酶,溶菌酶,酪蛋白糖聚肽,磷化肽,脂肪球膜蛋白.ClassificationofDriedWhey乳清粉的分类Ediblegradewhey食品级–lowbacterialcount微生物计数少Feedgradewhey饲料级–doesnotmakeediblegrade没有达到食品要求的Sweetwhey甜乳清粉–fromcheddarcheese源于切达乳酪的乳清液Acidwhey酸乳清粉–fromcottagecheeseproduction源于酪农干酪的乳清液Regularwhey一般乳清粉Delactosedwhey脱乳糖乳清粉Spraydriedwhey喷雾干乳清粉Rollerdriedwhey滚筒干乳清粉DryingSystems干燥方法Spraydriedwhey喷雾干燥Wheyisatomizedintosuperheatedair.液体乳清雾化在超高温的空气中Highinitialtemperature,lowfinaltemperature.高初始温度,低结束温度Predominanceof-lactose.以-乳糖为主Resultsinafinerproductthattendstobemorehygroscopic.喷雾干乳清粉易吸水Rollerdriedwhey滚筒干燥Wheyispickedupbyheatedrollersordrums.液体乳清喷雾在加热的滚筒上Scrapedfromrollersbytheknifearm.干燥后的产品通过锋利的刀臂刮下Lowinitialtemperature,highfinaltemperature.低初始温度,高结束温度Predominanceof-lactose(sweeter).以型乳糖为主.Resultsinagranularproductthatislesshygroscopic.产品为颗粒状,不易吸水IndicesofOverallQualityofDriedWhey乳清粉质量评价Color色泽Spray-driedwheyfrequentlybleachedwhite(foodapplications).喷雾干乳清粉通常在漂白后干燥(食品使用)Roller-driedwheyhasnobleachingagents–morecreamcolored.滚筒干乳清粉不添加漂白粉,颜色为乳黄色.Darkoryellowishspray-driedwheymayindicateoverheatingorlongstorageperiods.深色或黄色的喷雾干乳清粉通常是高温或长时间存贮所致.OverheatingorlongstorageperiodscanresultintheMaillardreaction.干燥温度过高或存储时间长会导致美拉得反应Epsilonaminogroupoflysinebindstocarbohydrate赖氨酸的氨基团与碳水化合物结合Boundlysineisnotabsorbed–unavailable.结合的赖氨酸不能被吸收IndicesofOverallQualityofDriedWhey乳清粉质量评价Ashcontent灰分含量Lowashcontentisdesirable.低灰分最为理想HighashmayindicatethatthewheybecameacidicandsodiumhydroxidewasaddedbeforedryingtoraisethepH.高灰分表明乳清液变酸,干燥前添加氢氧化钠提高pH值Highashgenerallymeanshighsaltcontent–thiscancausediarrheainpigs.高灰分也是高盐分的表现.高盐分会引起猪下痢Highashcontentmayalsoindicatethataflowagentwasaddedtoenhanceflowabilityofthefinalproduct.另外,高灰分可能是为改进产品的流动性添加的流动剂所致CompositionofDriedWhey乳清粉的营养成分DriedWhey乳清粉Drymatter,干物质%96Lactose,乳糖%68Crudeprotein,粗蛋白%12.1Crudefat,