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虚拟语气虚拟语气(subjunctivemood),表示所说的话只是一种主观的愿望,假想和建议等.1.虚拟语气的形式2.虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用3.虚拟语气在其它从句中的应用4.小练习Ⅰif条件句的虚拟语气if的非真实条件从句对现在,过去,将来的事实进行虚拟时,主句和if从句的谓语动词形式如下:1.与现在事实相反时,其表现形式为:if+主语+v-ed,主语+would(或might,could,should)+v.Eg:Ifweleftnow,weshouldarriveontime.IfIwereyou,Iwouldrefusethemoney.虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用•2.与将来事实相反时,其表现形式为:if主语+should(或wereto)+v.,主语+Would(或might,could,should)+v.•Eg:Ifyoushoulddroptheglass,itwouldbreak.•Ifyoushouldleavethereforawhile,you’dchangeyourmindaboutthatplace.•与过去事实相反时,其表现形式为:if主语+hadv-ed,主语+would(或•Might,could,should)+havev-ed.•Eg:Wewouldhavevisitedyouifwehadhadtime.•Iwouldn’thaveknownthatthingifIhadn’tbeentold.Ⅱ错综时间句的虚拟语气当条件从句与结果主句所表示的时间不一致时,虚拟语气的形式应当做相应的调整.如:(1)IfIhadspokentohimyesterday,Ishouldknowwhattodonow.(2)Youwouldbemuchbetternowifyouhadtakenmyadvice.(3)Iffatherhadn’tsentme,Ishouldn’tbehere.Ⅲ含蓄条件的虚拟语气假设的情况有时不是用一个条件句来表示，而是隐含在上下文中。表示暗含条件的方式有：1.介词或介词短语，如：without,butfor,butthat等。Eg:Butforyourcooperation,wecouldnothavesucceededinourexperiment.2.连词，如：but,or,orelse等。Eg:Iwouldbemostgladtohelpyou,butI’mbusynow.•3.副词,如：otherwise等。•Eg:Wedidn’tknowhistelephonenumber;otherwisewewouldhavetelephonedhim.•4.比较等级。•Eg:(1)Amorecarefulpersonwouldn’thavemadesomanymistakes.•(2)Givenmoretime,Iwouldhavebeenabletofinishtheexperiment.•5.在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。•Eg:Youwouldn’tknow.•Iwouldliketocome.•Iwouldnothavedreamedofit.Ⅳif的省略(1)在正式文体中，当if条件句中含有助动词had,should或were时，可以省略if,而将had,should或were提到句首，从而构成倒装虚拟句。Eg:Hadsuchdisasteroccurred,thedamagewouldhavebeenincalculable.Werehetotelluseverything,wewouldtrytosolvethisproblem.(2)如果if条件句是含not的否定句，省略if时,not不能与助动词had,should或were同时提前。Eg:Haditnotbeenfortheirassistance,wecouldn’thavefinishedthetaskaheadoftime.•(3)supposing,suppose,evenif也可引导虚拟条件句。•Eg:Supposingitwerefinetomorrow,wouldyougoswimmingwithus?•(4)有时suppose或supposing单独引起一个句子，用于提出建议或假设。•Eg:Supposewestartedtomorrow.Ⅰ虚拟语气在表示命令，请求，建议等从句中的应用虚拟语气可用于表示命令，请求，建议，愿望，要求等名词性从句中，从句谓语形式是“should+动词原形”或“动词原形”（1）用于主语从句，其谓语用should+动词原形（或should+P.P.)或只用动词原形。常用的形容词和分词有：essential,imperative,advisable,necessary,important,desirable,urgent,preferable,natural,suggested等。Eg:Itisnecessarythatyoushouldbepresentatthediscussion.Itwassuggestedthattheelectronicdevicebetestedatonce.虚拟语气在其它从句中的应用•(2)用于宾语从句，一种是用做动词wish的宾语的从句，表示愿望，常省去连词that。这种从句的谓语动词可用过去式，表示与现在事实相反；亦可用过去完成式，表示与过去事实相反。常用的动词有：advise,ask,command,decide,demand,desire,direct,insist,order,prefer,propose,recommend,request,require,suggest,urge，move（提议）等。•Eg:Thelawyeraskedthatthecaseshouldbepostponedforonemonth.•Thedetectiveinsistedthatheshouldhavealook.•insist意为“坚持某种动作”才用虚拟语气；意为“坚持某种观点”则不用虚拟语气。•eg：•Heinsistsheisastudent.•他坚持说他是个学生。•这个语句表示的是事实，因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。•suggest意为“建议”才用虚拟语气，意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。•eg：•Hisfacesuggeststhathelooksworried.•他的表情暗含着他很担心。•这个句子本身是事实，因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。(3)表语从句或同位语从句advice,command,demand,desire,idea,motion,order,plan等名词作主语的表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词用shouldbe型或be型虚拟式。Eg:Thedoctor’sadviceisthatthepatientshouldbekeptquiet.Herejectedmyadvicethatheshouldmeetmyson.在asif引导的表示虚拟的表语从句中，谓语动词用were型虚拟式表示对现在情况的假设，用hadbeen型虚拟式表示对过去情况的假设。Eg:Youlookasifyouhadatoothache..•如果说话人所表示的不是假设的情况，而是一种可能的事实，asif引导的表语从句中的谓语动词使用陈述语气。•Eg:Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.•在主句的谓语动词为过去时的情况下，往往无法从语法形式上辨别表语从句的谓语动词是虚拟还是陈述语气，因为此时两者的形式是相同的。•Eg:ShelookedasifshehadhadsomebadnewsⅡ虚拟语气在wish后从句中的应用动词wish后所跟的宾语从句表示实现可能性极小或与事实相反的情况,从句用虚拟语气.(1)表示与现在情况相反的愿望时,句式为:主语+wish+(that)+宾语从句(谓语动词用一般过去时)Eg:IwishIwereabird.IwishIcouldchangemyjob.(2)表示与过去情况相反的愿望时,句式为:主语+wish+(that)宾语从句(谓语动词用过去完成时/could+现在完成时)Eg:Iwishthathehadnotmadesomuchfussaboutit.•(3)表示对将来发生的事情表示希望,祝愿等时,句式为:主语+wish+宾语从句(谓语动词用would/could/might+动词原形)•Eg:IwishIcouldseeyoulater.•Iwishhemighttryagain.Ⅲ虚拟语气在ifonly感叹句中的应用Ifonly后面的句子用虚拟语气,表示“但愿”,“要是…就好了”,其用法基本与wish相同.Eg:Ifonlyhehadfollowedyouradvice.Ifonlyshewouldcome.Ifonlyitdidn'traintoday,becausewe'llhaveasportsmeeting.•Ⅳ虚拟语气在“It’s+about/hightime+从句”中的应用•在It’sabout/hightime+从句的结构中,从句用一般过去时的虚拟语气.•Eg:“Youareveryselfish.It’shightimethatyourealizedthatyouarenotthemostimportantpersonintheworld.”Edgersaidtohisbossangrily.•Itisabouttimethatwewenttoschool.Ⅴ虚拟语气在incase,lest或forfearthat等从句中的用法incase,lest或forfearthat引起的从句常用虚拟语气,表示“以防,以免”,形式为should+动词原形,should通常不能省略.Eg:Hetookhisraincoatwithhimincaseitshouldrain.Theyoungdriverlookedovertheenginecarefullylestitshouldgowrongontheway.•Ⅵ虚拟语气在形容词短语的that宾语从句中的应用•主语+be+adj.+that+主语+should+动词原形•主语+be+adj.+that+主语+shouldhave+过去分词•Eg:Iamhappythatheshouldagree.•Iamashamedthatyoushouldhavedonesuchathing.Ⅶ虚拟式动词原形用于独立句中虚拟语气用于表示祝愿,诅咒等意义的公式化的句子中,谓语动词为be虚拟式.Eg:Longliveourmotherland.Godblessyou.Thedeviltakeyou.Sobeitthen.1.“Howshouldthecityberun?”“IfI()amayor,Iwouldmakethestreetscleanerandhiremorepolicemen.”A.wouldB.wereC.wouldbeD.should2.Thingsmighthavebeenmuchworseifthemother()onherrighttokeepthebaby.A.hasbeeninsistingB.hadinsistedC.wouldinsistD.insisted3.Asafetyanalysis()thetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.A.wouldidentifyB.willidentifyC.wouldhaveidentifiedD.willhaveidentified4.Jackwishesthathe()businessinsteadofhistorywhenhewasinuniversity.A.studiedB.studyC.hadbeenstudyingD.hadstudied5.W