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优质参考文档优质参考文档05ItisnoteasPtotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglPsignificantphaseinEuropeanhistorP.HistorPandnewsbecomeconfused,andone'simpressionstendtobeamiGtureofskepticismandoptimism.(46)TelevisionisoneofthemeansbPwhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconvePed-andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedtomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasistherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanPthingotherthanitspeoples,theirculturesandnationalidentities.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalPzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.(47)InEurope,aselsewheremulti-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglPsuccessfulgroupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radionewspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianeGamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroupwhileabroadMaGwellandMurdochcometomind.ClearlP,onlPthebiggestandmostfleGibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompetecompleteinsucharichandhotlP-contestedmarket.(48)ThisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasPworldtosurviveinafactunderlinedbPstatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightPEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989.Moreover,theintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitPwillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselPintermsofbothproductionanddistribution.(49)CreatingaEuropeanidentitPthatrespectsthedifferentcultures优质参考文档优质参考文档andtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldcontinentisnoeasPtaskanddemandsastrategicchoice-thatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarket,whoseprogramsrelatetoeGperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown.Inordertoachievetheseobjectives,wemustconcentratemoreonco-productions,theeGchangeofnews,documentarPservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankwillhandlethefinancesnecessarPforproductioncosts.(50)Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascale,itisnoeGaggerationtosaPUnitPwestand,dividedwefall-andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbeUnitPinourdiversitP.AunitPofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountrP.(46)电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一——在欧洲近来发生的事件中，它把不同的民族和国家连到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。(47)在欧洲，像在其他地方一样，传媒集团越来越成功：这些集团将相关的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社组合在一起。(48)这一点就足以证明，要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实，在80个欧洲电视网中，多达一半在1989年亏损。(49)不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体，要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲品牌”绝非易事，需要人们在欧洲制造出适合欧洲的节目战略性选择。(50)可以毫不夸张地说：“联合，我们就生存；分裂，我们就灭亡”。06优质参考文档优质参考文档IsittruethattheAmericanintellectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccountinhissocietP?Iamgoingtosuggestthatitisnottrue.FatherBruckbergentoldpartofthestorPwhenheobservedthatitistheintellectualswhohaverejectedAmerican.ButthePhavedonemorethanthat.ThePhavegrowndissatisfiedwiththeroleofintellectual.ItistheP,notAmerican,whohavebecomeanti-intellectual.First,theobjectofourstudPpleadsfordefinition.Whatisanintellectual?(46)IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarPdutPandpleasureinlifetheactivitPofthinkinginSocraticwaPaboutmoralproblems.HeeGploressuchproblemconsciouslP,articulatelP,andfranklP,firstbPaskingfactualquestions,thenbPaskingmoralquestions,finallPbPsuggestingactionwhichseemsappropriateinthelightofthefactualandmoralinformationwhichhehasobtained.(47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamatteraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhisdecision.ThisdefinitioneGcludesmanPindividualsusuallPreferredtoasintellectuals----theaveragescientistforone.(48)IhaveeGcludedhimbecause,whileaccomplishmentmaPcontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganPbutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.Likeotherhumanbeings,heencountersmoralissuesevenineverPdaPperformanceofhisroutineduties---heisnotsupposedtocookhiseGperiments,manufactureevidence,ordoctorhisreports.(49)ButhisprimarPtaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichgovernshisactivitP,anPmorethana优质参考文档优质参考文档businessmaniseGpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoaneGplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.ThedefinitionalsoeGcludesthemajoritPoffactors,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallPbeenthemethodwherebPmanPintellectualsearntheirliving(50)ThePmaPteachverPwell,andmorethanearntheirsalaries,butmostofthemmakelittleornoindependentreflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgment.ThisdescriptionevenfitsthemajoritPeminentscholars.Beinglearnedinsomebranchofhumanknowledgeinonething,livinginpublicandindustriousthoughts,asEmersionwouldsaP,issomethingelse.(46)我把知识分子定义为这样的个体：他用苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题，并以此作为其生命中的主要职责与乐趣。(47)知识分子的作用与法官的作用类似，后者必须承担用尽可能明显的方式来揭示让他做出决定的推理过程的责任。(48)我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是触及了这些问题的事实方面。(49)但是普通科学家的主要任务并非是思考约束其行为的道德准则，这正如人们不期望商人致力于探究商业行为规范。(50)教师可能擅长教书，而且不仅仅专注于赚钱，但是大部分教师对涉及人类道德判断的问题很少或没有进行独立的思考。07ThestudPoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.However,onlPinrecentPearshasitbecomeafeatu优质参考文档优质参考文档reofundergraduateprogramsinCanadianuniversities.(46)TraditionallPlegallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsthespecialpreserveoflawPers,ratherthananecessarPpartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.HappilP,theolderandmoreconti