英语单词可以根据词义句法作用分为十类:名词(n.),冠词,代词(pron.),数词(num.),动词(v.),形容词(adj.),副词(adv.),(prpe.),连词(conj.),感叹词。这类词总的分为实词和虚词两大类。第一节名词可以分为专有名词(ProperNouns)和普通名词(CommonNouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:1)个体名词(IndividualNouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。2)集体名词(CollectiveNouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。3)物质名词(MaterialNouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。4)抽象名词(AbstractNouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(CountableNouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(UncountableNouns)。1.1名词的分类【注意点】普通名词和专有名词的转换1.Theshipsailedtothewest2.ItissaidthatschoolchildrenintheWestenjoymorefreetime.___________________________________________________情况构成方法读音例词__________________________________________________一般情况加-s1.清辅音后读/s/;map-maps2.浊辅音和元音后bag-bags读/z/;car-cars___________________________________________________以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es读/iz/bus-buseswatch-watches___________________________________________________以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-s读/iz/license-licenses___________________________________________________以辅音字母+y变y为i结尾的词再加es读/z/baby---babies1.2名词复数的规则变化1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:如:twoMarystheHenrysmonkey---monkeysholiday---holidays比较:层楼:storey---storeysstory---stories2)以o结尾的名词,变复数时:a.加s,如:photo---photospiano---pianosradio---radioszoo---zoos;b.加es,如:potato--potatoestomato--tomatoesc.均可,如:zero---zeros/zeroes3)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时:a.加s,如:belief---beliefsroof---roofssafe---safesgulf---gulfs;b.去f,fe加ves,如:half---halvesknife---knivesleaf---leaveswolf---wolveswife---wiveslife---livesthief---thieves;c.均可,如:handkerchief:handkerchiefs/handkerchieves名词复数的不规则变化1)child---childrenfoot---feettooth---teethmouse---miceman---menwoman---women注意:与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。如:anEnglishman,twoEnglishmen.但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是theBowmans。2)单复同形如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japaneseli,jin,yuan,twoli,threemu,fourjin但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:adollar,twodollars;ameter,twometers3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。如:staffpeoplepolicecattle等本身就是复数,不能说astaffapeople,apolice,acattle,但可以说aperson,apoliceman,aheadofcattle,theEnglish,theBritish,theFrench,theChinese,theJapanese,theSwiss等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。如:TheChineseareindustriesandbrave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:a.maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。b.news是不可数名词。c.theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations应视为单数。TheUnitedNationswasorganizedin1945.联合国是1945年组建起来的。d.以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。TheArabianNightsisaveryinterestingstory-book.一千零一夜是一本非常有趣的故事书。5)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses(眼镜)trousers,clothes若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双);suit(套);apairofglasses;twopairsoftrousers6)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼()1Weneedsomemore____.Canyougoandgetsome,please?A.potatoB.potatosC.potatoesD.potatoe()2_____areusedforcuttingthings.A.KnifeB.KnivsC.KnifesD.Knives()3Whatbig____thetigerhas!A.toothB.teethC.toothsD.toothes()4Pleaseremembertogivethehorsesometree___.A.leafsB.leavesC.leafD.leave()5-Canwehavesome___?-Yes,please.A.bananaB.orangesC.appleD.pear()6Onthetabletherearefive____.A.tomatosB.pieceoftomatoesC.tomatoesD.tomato()7I-Howmany____haveyougotonyourfarm?-I'vegotfive.A.sheepsB.sheepC.pigD.chicken()8Some___cametoourschoolforavisitthatday.A.GermansB.GermenC.GermanyD.Germanies()9Inthepicturetherearemany____andtwo.A.sheep;foxesC.sheeps;foxesB.sheeps;foxD.sheep;foxs()10Agroupof______willvisitthemuseumtomorrow.A.HungarianB.AustralianC.JapaneseD.American()1Thistableismadeof___.A.manyglassB.glassesC.someglassesD.glass1Tablesaremadeof___.A.woodB.somewoodsC.woodenD.woods()2Iwonderwhy______aresointerestedinaction(武打片)filmsA.peopleB.peoplesC.thepeopleD.thepeoples1.3不可数名词量的变化物质名词a.当物质名词转化为个体名词时。比较:Cakeisakindoffood.蛋糕是一种食物。(不可数)Thesecakesaresweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数)b.当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,名词可数。Thisfactoryproducessteel.(不可数)Weneedvarioussteels.(可数)c.当物质名词表示份数时,可数。Ourcountryisfamousfortea.我国因茶叶而闻名。Twoteas,please.请来两杯茶。2)抽象名词有时也可数。fourfreedoms四大自由thefourmodernizations四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。如:aglassofwater一杯水apieceofadvice一条建议【注意点】不可数名词与可数名词的转换Youth→ayouthglass→aglasscoffee→acoffee某些抽象名词和物质名词也可以用复数形式,表示数量繁多。Hope→hopesinterest→interestsdifficulty→difficultiesFish→fishesfood—foodstea---teas()1Theygotmuch___fromthosenewbooks..A.ideasB.photosC.informationD.stories()2Hegaveus____onhowtokeepfit.A.someadvicesB.someadviceC.anadviceD.aadvice()3Whenwesawhisface,weknew___wasbad.A.somenewsB.anewsC.thenewsD.news()4Heishungry.Givehim___toeat.A.twobreadsB.twopieceofbreadC.twopiecesofbreadD.twopiecesofbreads()5Iwouldliketohave___.A.twoglassesofmilkB.twoglassofmilkC.twoglassesofmilksD.twoglassofmilks()6Canyougiveme____?A.ateaB.somecupofteaC.acupteaD.acupoftea()7Pleasegiveme___paper.A.oneB.apieceC.aD.apieceof()8Johnbought___forhimselfyesterday.A.twopairsofshoesB.twopairofshoeB.C.twopairofshoesD.twopairsshoes1.4名词的格在英语中有些名词可以加’s来表示所有或所属关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:ateacher’sbook。名词所有格的规则如下:(修饰有生命的名词用’s,无生命的一般用of结构)1)单数名词词尾加’s,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加‘s,如theboy’sbag男孩的书包,men‘sroom男厕所。专有名词s结尾(一般应加’s)Charles’sjob2)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加’s,如:theworkers'struggle工人的斗争。3)凡不能加's的名词,都可以用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系,如:thetitleofthesong歌的名字。4)在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人