《什么是战略》(迈克尔·波特)——HBR

1MichaelE.Porter)20positioning2hypercompetitionoperationaleffective-nessstrategytime-basedcompetitionreengineeringstrategicposi-tioning2080productivityfrontier3LotusNotes10learningorganization208050R.R.Donnelley&SonsQuebecorWorldColorPressBigFlowerPress20807%19954.6%4207080SonyCanonSega2080HirotakaTakeuchiMarikoSakakibaracompetitiveconvergencezero-sumcompetitionSouthwestAirlinesCompany515737Ikea255686variety-basedposi-tioningJiffyLubeInternationalmutu-alfundCircuitCityStoresCarMaxCarMax7VanguardGroupindexfundneeds-basedpositioningBessemerTrustCompany50014Citibank25lender1:12581985CompetitiveStrategygenericstrate-giesContinentalLiteaccess-basedpositioningCarmikeCinemas202%5%9DeltaAirLines17NC-17JCJ.C.PenneySearsstraddlingContinentalAirlinesContinentalLitetrade-offs10NeutrogenaCorporationPHIvorySoap11ContinentalLiteCEO1,000ContinentalLiteContinentalLite12HondaMotorCompanyToyotaMotorCorporation101995CivicCorollaCorolla10737fit1314simpleconsistencyBicCorporationoptimizationofeffortGapproductavailabilityGapGap3Gap34Gap7.5Gap68entiresystem1510.90.90.810.90.90.90.90.6616winner-take-allToysRUsChildWorldLionelLeisure171018MaytagCorporation19Jenn-AirHardwickStoveHooverAdmiralMagicChef19856.84199434198919952070808%12%1%2090Wal-Mart1020criticalmass21CompetitiveAdvantageFreePress1985PaulMilgromJohnRobertsTheEconomicsofModernManufacturing:Technology,Strategy,andOrganizationAmericanEconomicReview801990511-528Complementarities,Momentum,andEvolutionofModernManufacturing81199184-88ComplementaritiesandFit:Strategy,Structure,andOrganizationalChangesinManufacturingJournalofAccountingandEconomic[e-mail]