人教版高一英语语法归纳总结

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高一英语语法归纳总结----定语从句的归纳一.几个基本概念1.定语从句的定义:用作定语的从句叫定语从句。2.先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。3.定语从句的位置:紧跟先行词(名词或代词)之后。4.引导词:引导定语从句的词(包括关系代词和关系副词)。﹙1﹚关系代词:that/who/whom/which/as﹙2﹚关系副词:when/where/why5.引导词的位置:位于定语从句之前(先行词之后)。【as除外】6.引导词的功能(作用):﹙1﹚连接先行词和定语从句。﹙2﹚在定语从句中充当一定的成分(关系代词充当主语或宾语,关系副词充当状语)。7.定语从句的类型:﹙1﹚限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间无逗号)。①直接由引导词引导定语从句Themanwhoyou’retalkingtoismyfriend.②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导Themantowhomyou’retalkingismyfriend.IneedapenwithwhichIcanwritealetter.=IneedapieceofpaperonwhichIcanwritealetter.介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定,该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前,也可放在从句之尾。例如:Theman(who/whom/that)ItalkedaboutatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.=ThemanaboutwhomItalkedatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.Thepalace(which/that)Ioftenpayavisittowasbuiltinthe17thcentury.=ThepalacetowhichIoftenpayavisitwasbuiltinthe17thcentury.﹙2﹚非限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开)。①直接由引导词引导定语从句。②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导。Iliveinahousefarawayfromthecity,infrontofwhichisabigtree.Thereisanappletreestandingatthegate,onwhicharemanyapples.ThisisthemantowhomIgavethebook.③由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“ofwhich/whom+名词/代词”(先行词指人用whom,指物用which)引导。One,some,any,none,all,both,several,many,most,neither,either等词、数词、分数或百分比与ofwhom或ofwhich连用。Hehasfivechildren,twoofwhomareabroad.(比较:Hehasfivechildren,andtwoofthemareabroad.)Wehavethreebooks,noneofwhichis/areinteresting.(比较:Wehavethreebooks,butnoneofthemis/areinteresting.)除why和that不能引导非限定性定语从句外,其余引导词都可以,用法同限定性定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。1.在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。2.非限定性定语从句的作用:它只是补充说明先行词的情况,翻译时可译成两个句子。Theengineer,whoselegwasbadlyhurt,wasquicklysenttohospital.(那位工程师被很快送往医院,其腿部受了重伤)Theengineerwhoselegwasbadlyhurtwasquicklysenttohospital.(那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院)3.在非限定性定语从句中,任何引导词都不能省略(包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内)。指人做主语时只能用who,做宾语时用whom;指物做主语,宾语都用which;关系副词用when或where,也不能省略。Theman,______issittingonthechair,ismyfather.Thewoman,_______Imetyesterday,ismyEnglishteacher.Thecity,_______isfaraway,isverybeautiful.HewenttoAmerica,______hisparentslive.HejoinedtheArmyyesterday,______Ileft,too.4.whose引导非限定性定语从句:Thehouse,whosewindowfacessouth,ismine.=Thehouse,thewindowofwhichfacessouth,ismine.=Thehouse,ofwhichthewindowfacessouth,ismine.二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。1.who/that指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的主语,不能省略。Doyouknowthegentlemanwho/thatissittingthere?2.whom/who/that指人是宾格,在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的宾语(动宾或介宾)。①当作动宾(动词后接宾语)时,关系代词可省略。Doyouknowthegentleman(whom/who/that)wemetjustnow?②当作介宾(介词后接宾语)时:介词不提前时,关系代词可省略;介词提前时,关系代词不可省,即介词+whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom)。Theman(whom/who/that)Ispokewithismyteacher.ThemanwithwhomIspokeismyteacher.※注:固定的动词短语(动词+介词)如lookfor,takecareof等不能把动词与介词拆开,既介词不能提至引导词前。Sheistherightgirl(who/whom/that)wearelookingfor.3.whose:指人或物,是所有格“…的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语(动宾或介宾)即先行词的什么东西怎样了,whose不能省略。。Whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhich/whom=ofwhich/whom+the=n.Ididn’tfindthedeskwhoselegwasbroken.(主语)HeisthestudentwhosepencilIbrokeyesterday.(动宾)ThebossinwhosecompanyIworkisverykind.(介宾)4.which/that指物,指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语(动宾或介宾)。①当作动宾时,关系代词可省略。②当作介宾时:介词不提前时,关系代词可省略;介词提前时,关系代词不可省,即介词+which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which)。Thehousewhich/thatwasdestroyedintheearthquakeisweak.Thepen(which/that)youfoundyesterdayismine.Thegames(that/which)theyoungmencompetedinweredifficult.Thegamesinwhichtheyoungmencompetedweredifficult.※注:介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which(先行词指人用whom,指物用which)。※5.as指人或物,在定语从句中可作主语,宾语,表语或状语,不能省略。主要用于“thesame…as…;such…as…;so…as…;as…as…;asfollows”固定结构中,形式固定此时的引导限定性定语从句。要用as代替who(m),which,或that引导定语从句:SuchpeopleasknewHillthoughthewashonest.SuchpeopleasHillknewthoughthewashonest.Myhometownisnolongerthesameasitwas.Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.Thechildknowsasmuchasgrow-ups(know).I’dliketohavethesamebooksasareusedinyourschool.HeisnotsuchapersonasIexpected.Hewillmarryasprettyagirlashecanfind.※注:which和as可引导非限定性定语从句:可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,有时可以互换。因此,当as/which指代前面的整个句子,或前句中的部分内容作定语从句的主语时,谓语用单数.Ourteamlostthegame,as/whichwasreportedinthenewspaper.Shewasterrified,as/whichIcouldseefromhereyes.Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.区别:①as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾;而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.=Aswasnatural,hemarriedher.MarkTwinisagreatwriter,which/asisknowntoall.=Asisknowntoall,MarkTwinisagreatwriter.②as引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意,而which则无此意。常用句型有:asweallknow,asisknowntoall,aseverybodycansee,asisexpected,Asisknown/said/reported/told/weallknow等。如:Asweallknow,paperwasfirstmadeinChina.Toshutyoureyestofacts,asmanyofyoudo,isfoolish.③主句和从句有因果关系时,用which.Ourclasshaswonthefootballmatch,whichmadeusveryhappy.Bamboosarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.④从句含否定意义时常用which.Shedidn’tpasstheexam,whichwecouldn’texpect.Shedidn’tpasstheexam,asweexpected.6.when关系副词:指时间。在定语从句中作时间状语,不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换(此时先行词一定是表时间的名词)。IstillrememberthetimewhenIjoinedtheLeague.=IstillrememberthetimeonwhichIjoinedtheLeague.=Istillrememberthetime(which/that)IjoinedtheLeagueon.7.where关系副词:指地点。在定语从句中作地点状语,不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换(此时先行词一定是表地点的名词)。IstillremembertheschoolwhereIjoinedtheLeague.=IstillremembertheschoolinwhichIjoinedtheLeague.=Istillremembertheschool(which/that)IjoinedtheLeaguein.※注:对关系副词when,where的认识。①.先行词是时间的名词,并非都用关系副词when引导定语从句。I’llneverforgetth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