cold-war。美苏冷战-英语版。

USvs.UnionofSovietSocialistRepublicsDemocracyvs.CommunismCapitalismvs.Socialism1.WhatisColdWar?2.whydidUSAexertthepolicyofColdWar?TheessenceofColdWar3.TheperformanceofUSAandUSSRinpolitic,economy,militaryscience……4.WhicheventmarkedthebeginandWhicheventmarkedtheendofColdWar?5.TheprocessofSoviethegemony6.TheeffortsoftheColdWaroutline何谓“冷战”（WhatisColdWar)冷战是指：1947年——1991年间美国为首的西方资本主义国家和苏联为首社会主义国家两个阵营除直接交战以外，在经济、政治、军事、外交、文化、意识形态等各方面都处于对抗状态的时期。ColdWarrefersto:1947--1991yearstheUnitedStatesledwesterncapitalistcountriesandtheSovietUnionsocialistcountriestwocampsinadditiontothedirectengagement,ineconomic,political,military,diplomatic,cultural,ideologicalandotheraspectsareinastateofconfrontationperiod.Theu.s.-ledcampaignofcapitalismSovietunionsocialistcampPolicyTrumansocialist杜鲁门主义EuropeancommunistpartyEconomyMarshallplan马歇尔计划Helpeachother经互会GermanproblemPiecingtogetherthefederalrepublicofGermanyBolsterdemocracyGermanyMilitaryEstablishedNATO两大军事集团对立形成PlanWarsawTreatyOrganization华沙条约组织两大阵营与军事集团社会主义阵营：苏联为首华沙条约组织（华约1955）Thesocialistcamp资本主义阵营：美国为首北大西洋公约组织（北约1949）Thecapitalistcamp美苏争霸的过程阶段划分第一阶段第二阶段第三阶段时间苏联领导人美国领导人重大事件争霸特点实力对比50年代中期至60年代中期赫鲁晓夫肯尼迪第二次柏林危机古巴导弹危机缓和紧张优势在美80年代戈尔巴乔夫里根美转强硬苏联收缩60年代中期至70年代末勃列日涅夫尼克松阿富汗战争苏攻美守Beginningofwar:ThehistorianshavesofarnotreachedanyagreementonthetimeinwhichtheColdWarbegan.Itis,however,quitesafetosaythatsince1947whenPresidentTrumanoftheUnitedStatesdeclaredananti-communistpolicy,theColdWarbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionhasbegun.TrumanDoctrine杜鲁门主义CausesofColdWar•Thereweredeep-rootedideological,economicandpoliticaldifferencesbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionbeforetheSecondWorldWar.ThesedifferenceswereintensifiedasaresultoftheirmutualsuspicionsimmediatelyaftertheSecondWorldWar.CausesofColdWar(1)Underlyingcauses(i)Ideological(意识形态的)(ii)Economic(iii)Powerrivalry(竞争)(2)ImmediateCausesLeadingtotheColdWar(i)ExtensionofRussianinfluenceinEurope(ii)ThereactionsoftheUnitedStates(iii)PoorrelationsbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionGoalsofthe2countriesTheUnitedStates,greatlyexpandedandenhancedinitsstrengthinW.W.II,feltithadthepowertoestablishAmericanleadershipintheworldandopentheworldmarkettoAmericangoodsandcapital.SoitwantedtobreakdowntheSovietsphereofinfluence前苏联的势力范围inEasternEurope.TheSovietUnion,outofitsownsecurityconcernandfearofcapitalistencirclement,资本主义的包围wasdeterminedtokeepitsholdontheEasternEuropeancountriesandtodefenditssphereofinfluenceatallcosts.&TheFullColdWarThelocalhotwarsTheFullColdWarTheWesternGroupNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization(NATO)（北大西洋公约组织）TheEasternGroupTheWarsawTreatyOrganization(华沙条约组织)TheSigningofNATOApril4,1949,12foreignministersoftheUnitedStates,Canada,Britain,France,Belgium,theNetherlands,Luxemburg,Iceland,Denmark,Norway,PortugalandItalyheldtheNorthAtlanticTreatysigningceremonyinWashington.August24,theNorthAtlanticTreatyenteredintoforce.TheSigningoftheWarsawTreatyOrganizationSovietrepresentativeMarshalZhukovsignedthetreaty.May14,1955,theWarsawTreatyOrganizationwasestablished.ColdWartensionsincreasedintheUSwhentheUSSRexplodeditsfirstatomicbombin1949.ColdWartensionsincreasedintheUSSRwhentheUSexplodeditsfirsthydrogenbombin1952.Itwas1000timesmorepowerfulthantheHiroshimaatomicbomb.ArmsRaceSpaceRace•ColdWartensionsincreasedintheUSwhentheUSSRlaunchedSputnikI,thefirstartificialsatelliteintogeocentricorbitonOctober4,1957.–Theracetocontrolspacewason.•April12,1961:YuriGagarinbecamefirsthumaninspaceandfirsttoorbitEarth.•USfeltalossofprestigeandincreasedfundingforspaceprogramsandscienceeducation.•OnMay25,1961,KennedygaveaspeechchallengingAmericatolandamanonthemoonandreturnhimsafelybytheendofthedecade.•Apollo11landedonthemoononJuly16,1969.Builtin1961Demolishedin1989BerlinWallTheCubanMissileCrisis(1962)ThecrisisbeganonOctober15,1962whenreconnaissancerevealedSovietmissilesunderconstructioninCuba.AftersevendaysofintensedebatewithintheWhiteHouse,KennedyimposedablockadearoundCubatostopthearrivalofmoreSovietmissiles.OnOctober22,KennedyannouncedthediscoveryofthemissilesandhisdecisiontoblockadeCubaandthatanyattacklaunchedfromCubawouldberegardedasanattackontheUSbytheUSSRanddemandedthattheSovietsremovealloftheiroffensiveweaponsfromCuba.October27wastheworstdayofthecrisis.AU-2spyplanewasshotdownoverCuba.TensionsfinallybegantoeaseonOctober28whenKhrushchevannouncedthathewoulddismantletheinstallationsandremovethemissiles,expressinghistrustthattheUSwouldnotinvadeCuba.FurthernegotiationswereheldtoimplementtheOctober28agreement,includingaUSdemandthatSovietbombersberemovedfromCuba,andspecifyingtheexactformandconditionsofUSassurancesnottoinvadeCuba.左边漫画表示的是古巴导弹危机中赫鲁晓夫和美国总统肯尼迪的较量。Thelocalhotwars——局域武装冲突What'sthelocalhotwars?theKoreanWartheVietnamWartheAfghanistanIssueTheKoreanWar(1950~1953)On25June1950,theyoungColdWar（1945-1990）suddenlyturnedhot,bloodyandexpensive.Withinafewdays,NorthKorea’sinvasiontoSouthKoreabroughtaboutaUnitedNations’“policeaction”.ThatimmediatelyproducedheavymilitaryinvolvementbytheUnitedStates.SotheKoreanWarbegan.ThiswastheroughbattleplantotheCommunistNorthKorea.Theopera