数学专业英语课后答案

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2.1数学、方程与比例词组翻译1.数学分支branchesofmathematics,算数arithmetics,几何学geometry,代数学algebra,三角学trigonometry,高等数学highermathematics,初等数学elementarymathematics,高等代数higheralgebra,数学分析mathematicalanalysis,函数论functiontheory,微分方程differentialequation2.命题proposition,公理axiom,公设postulate,定义definition,定理theorem,引理lemma,推论deduction3.形form,数number,数字numeral,数值numericalvalue,图形figure,公式formula,符号notation(symbol),记法/记号sign,图表chart4.概念conception,相等equality,成立/真true,不成立/不真untrue,等式equation,恒等式identity,条件等式equationofcondition,项/术语term,集set,函数function,常数constant,方程equation,线性方程linearequation,二次方程quadraticequation5.运算operation,加法addition,减法subtraction,乘法multiplication,除法division,证明proof,推理deduction,逻辑推理logicaldeduction6.测量土地tomeasureland,推导定理todeducetheorems,指定的运算indicatedoperation,获得结论toobtaintheconclusions,占据中心地位tooccupythecentricplace汉译英(1)数学来源于人类的社会实践,包括工农业的劳动,商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。Mathematicscomesfromman’ssocialpractice,forexample,industrialandagriculturalproduction,commercialactivities,militaryoperationsandscientificandtechnologicalresearches.(2)如果没有运用数学,任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。Nomodernscientificandtechnologicalbranchescouldberegularlydevelopedwithouttheapplicationofmathematics.(3)符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用,它常用于表示概念和命题。Notationsareaspecialandpowerfultoolofmathematicsandareusedtoexpressconceptionsandpropositionsveryoften.(4)17世纪之前,人们局限于初等数学,即几何、三角和代数,那时只考虑常数。Before17thcentury,manconfinedhimselftotheelementarymathematics,i.e.,geometry,trigonometryandalgebra,inwhichonlytheconstantswereconsidered.(5)方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。Equationisdifferentfromarithmeticidentityinthatitcontainsunknownquantitywhichcanjoinoperations.(6)方程又称为条件等式,因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。Equipmentiscalledanequationofconditioninthatitistrueonlyforcertainvaluesofunknownquantitiesinit.(7)方程很有用,可以用它来解决许多实际应用问题。Equationsareofverygreatuse.Wecanuseequationsinmanymathematicalproblems.(8)解方程时要进行一系列移项和同解变形,最后求出它的根,即未知量的值。Tosolvetheequationmeanstomoveandchangethetermsaboutwithoutmakingtheequationuntrue,untiltherootoftheequationisobtained,whichisthevalueofunknownterm.英译汉1.Algebrahasevolvedfromtheoperationsandrulesofarithmetic.Thestudyofarithmeticbeginswithaddition,multiplication,subtraction,anddivisionofnumbers:4+7,37×682,49-22,40÷8.Inalgebraweintroducesymbolsorletters—suchasa,b,c,d,x,y,z—todenotearbitrarynumbersand,insteadofspecialcases,weoftenconsidergeneralstatements:a+b,cd,x-y,x÷a.代数是从算术的运算和规则当中逐渐发展起来的,算术的研究是从数的加减乘除开始的。例如4+7,37×682,49-22,40÷8。在代数学里,我们采用符号或字母。例如a,b,c,d,x,y,z来表示任意的数字,而不考虑那些特殊情况。我们经常考虑的是一般的表达式,例如a+b,cd,x-y,x÷a。2.Thelanguageofalgebraservesatwofoldpurpose.First,wemayuseitasashorthandtoabbreviateandsimplifylongorcomplicatedstatements.Second,itprovesaconvenientmeansofgeneralizingmanyspecificstatements.代数的语言有两个作用。第一个是使用它作为一种速记法去缩减和减化那些又长又复杂的表达。第二,它被证明是一种概括许多具体的表达方式的便捷途径。3.Manyexpressionsinvolvetwoormoreoperations.Groupingsymbolstelluswhichoperationistobedonefirst.Thecommongroupingsymbolsareparentheses,(),brackets.[],andthefractionbar,—.Forexample,intheexpression2(3+4),wedotheadditionfirstandthenwedothemultiplication:2(3+4)=2(7)=14.许多数学表达式包含两个或更多的运算。分组符号告诉我们哪一个运算先做。常见的分组符号是圆括号,方括号和分数线。例如,在数学表达公式2(3+4)里。我们先做加法再做乘法2(3+4)=2(7)=142.2几何与三角词组翻译1.学会institution,建筑师architect,机械师machinist,制图员draftsman,测量者surveyor,木匠carpenter2.点point,端点endpoint,线line,直线straightline,线段linesegment,曲线curvedline,折线brokenline,射线ray,平面plane,曲面curvedsurface3.立体solid,柱体cylinder,立方体cube,球sphere,棱锥pyramid,圆锥cone,4.圆circle,圆心center,直径diameter,半径radius,半圆semicircle,弦chord,弧arc,优弧majorarc,劣弧minorarc5.角angle,边side,三角形triangle,直角三角形righttriangle,斜边hypotenuse,直角边right-angleside6.长度length,宽度breadth/width,厚度thickness,位置position7.几何的geometrical,立体的three-dimensional,弯曲的curved,等距离的equidistant,无限的infinite8.培养创造力trainoriginality,必须的毅力necessaryperseverance,提高鉴赏力raise/improvetheappreciationability9.消失了的边界vanishingboundaries/landmarks,有序性和优美感orderlinessandsenseofbeauty,几何图形大量存在geometricformsaboundin,定理成立的先决条件aprerequisitetoatheorem汉译英(1)许多专家都认为数学是学习其他科学技术的必备基础和先决条件。Manyexpertsrecognizethatmathematicsisthenecessaryfoundationandprerequisiteofstudyingothersciencetechnology.(2)西方国家的专家认为几何起源于巴比伦和埃及人的土地测量技术,其实中国古代的数学家对几何做了许多出色的研究。ThewesternexpertsthinkthatgeometryhaditsorigininthemeasurementsbytheBabyloniansandEgyptiansoftheirlands.Infect,theancientChinesemathematiciansmademuchremarkablestudyforgeometry.(3)几何的学习使学生在思考问题时更周密和审慎,他们将不会盲目接受任何结论。Instudyinggeometry,thestudentistaughttothinkclearlyandcriticallyandheisledawayfromthepracticeofblindacceptanceofanyconclusions.(4)数学培养学生的分析问题的能力,使他们能应用毅力、创造性和逻辑推理来解决问题。Studyingmathematicscandevelopthestudents’abilitytoanalyzeproblemsandutilizingperseverance,originality,andlogicalreasoninginsolvingtheproblem.(5)几何主要不是研究数,而是形,例如三角形,平行四边形和圆,虽然它也与数有关。Geometrymainlystudieshotnumbersbutfiguressuchastriangles,parallelogramsandcircles,thoughitisrelatedwithnumbers.(6)一个立体(图形)有长、宽和高;面(曲面或平面)有长和宽,但没有厚度;线(直线或曲线)有长度,但既没有宽度,也没有厚度;点只有位置,却没有大小。Asolid(figure)haslength,widthandheight.Asurface(curvedsurfaceorplanesurface)haslengthandwidth,butnothickness.Aline(straightlineorcurvedline)haslength,butnowidthandthickness.Apointhasposition,bu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