functionalityplusloyalty——ChristianeNord周莉刘美辰MainpartsexamplesBackgroundNord'stheory123第一代功能派翻译理论1.凯瑟林娜•赖斯(KantharinaReiss)的翻译标准的功能(theFunctionalCategoryofTranslationCriticism)•提出将文本功能列为翻译批评的一个标准,指出翻译批评的依据应是原文和译文两者功能之间的关系。•文本类型理论:信息型,表达型,操作型•译文必须连贯一致,而这种连贯性取决于译者对原文意图的理解。•赖斯的理论总体上是建立在对等理论之上,其实质指的是译文与原文的功能对等。------------------------expressiveOperativereferenceworkreportlecturebiographyplaypoemoperatinginstructionstouristbrochureofficialspeechsatiresermonelectoralspeechadvertisementReiss’stexttypesandtextvarieties2.汉斯•费米尔(HansVermeer)的翻译目的论(Skopostheorie)•三个法则:目的法则,连贯法则,忠实性法则•以行为理论为基础,提出“翻译行为”概念•所有翻译遵循的首要法则是目的法则,翻译行为所要达到的目的决定整个翻译行为的过程,即结果决定方法3.贾斯塔•赫兹•曼塔利(JustaHolzMantari)的翻译行为理论(theoryoftranslationaction)•翻译行为理论把翻译视为有目的,重结果的交际活动,把翻译过程视为与文化转换相关联的信息传递综合体(message-transmittercompounds)•翻译不是单纯地翻译词语,句子或文本,而是引导意向中的合作,跨越文化障碍,促进功能性的交际。第二代功能翻译理论Nord'stheory功能加忠诚(FunctionplusLoyalty)Definition:thetranslatorshouldaimatproducingfunctionaltargettextwhichconformstotherequirementofthetranslationskoposfixedbytheinitiator,respecting,atthesametime,thelegitimateinterestsofboththeauthoroftheoriginalandthereadersofthetranslation.texttypesandtheirfunctionsTypeFunctionExampleReferential指称referencetoobjectsandphenomenaoftheworldIt'sraining.(下雨了)Expressive表情expressionofthesender'sattitudeorfeelingstowardstheobjectsandphenomenadealtwithinthetextIt'sbloodypissingdownagain!(讨厌,又下雨了!)Appellative诉求appealingtothereceiver'sexperience,feelings,knowledge,sensibilityWaitheretillitstopsraining!(等雨停了再说吧!)Phatic寒暄establishing,maintainingorfinishingcontactNastyweatheragain,isn'tit?(见鬼的天气又卷土重来了,你没感觉到吗?)ATranslation-orientedModelofTextFunctions(ChristianeNord)referentialfunctioninformativefunction(atrafficaccident)metalingualfunction(aparticularuseoflanguage)instructivefunction(thecorrectwayofhandlingawashingmachine)teachingfunction(e.gGeography)appellativefunctionTypeIntendedreactionillustrativefunctionrecognitionofsomethingknownpersuasivefunctionadoptthesender'sviewpointimperativefunctiondowhatthesenderisaskingforpedagogicalfunction(教育功能)learncertainformsofbehavioradvertisingfunctionbuytheproductexpressivefunctionemotivefunction(expressionoffeelings)evaluativefunction(expressionofevaluation)PhaticfunctionsalutationalfunctionsmalltalkfunctionpegfunctionTwobasictypesoftranslationprocess·Documentarytranslation(文献性翻译)·Aninstrumentaltranslation(工具性翻译)DocumentarytranslationTranslatorsastheauthoroforiginaltextSTrecipient纪实型翻译DocumentaryTranslation翻译功能为目的语文化读者记录原语文化交际互动翻译类型纪实型翻译翻译形式逐行对照翻译逐词对应翻译语文学翻译异国情调翻译翻译目的再现原语系统再现原语形式再现原文形式+内容再现原文形式、内容+情景翻译焦点原语词汇结构+句法原文词汇单位原文句法单位原文文本(语篇)单位举例说明对比语言学新闻文本中的引语希腊和拉丁经典名著现代文学中小说(散文)AnInstrumentalTranslationtargetculturecommunicationAnewcommunicativeactionfulfillitscommunicativepurposeEg:Acomputermanualorsoftware工具型翻译InstrumentalTranslation工具型翻译功能保存翻译(Function-preservingTranslation)或叫等同功能翻译(Equi-functionalTranslation)例如:科技文献、商务信函、操作手册、电脑说明书翻译等。异质功能翻译(HeterofunctionalTranslation)例如:莎士比亚戏剧被改译成儿童故事读物。相似翻译(HomologousTranslation)例如:“诗人译诗”的做法。忠实(fidelity,faithfulness)与忠诚a.fidelityorfaithfulnessreferstotherelationshipbetweensourcetextandtargettext.eg.literaltranslation(直译)freetranslation(意译)b.loyaltyisaninterpersonalcategoryreferringtoasocialrelationshipbetweenpeople.(忠诚是一种翻译上的伦理道义的原则。)author;commissioner→→translator←←targetreaderseg.LadyChatterley’sLover(《查特莱夫人的情人》)LivingHistory(《亲历历史:希拉里回忆录》)1.functinalityandloyaltyinfilmdobbingKungFuPandaSo,youwanttogettosleep.那么是的你想睡觉了Yeah.I'mkeepingyouup.你要睡了我在打扰你Wegotbigthingstomorrow.我们明天还有大事要干.allright.You'reawesome.Lastthingi'mgonnasay.Bye-bye.你很牛!我就说这些啦,OK拜拜~2.functionalityandloyaltyinbusinesstranslation安徽大学的刘俊烈在译“涡阳苔干”广告时,有这么一个句子:“(苔干)有清热降压、通经脉、壮筋骨、去口臭、解热毒酒毒及治疗心脏病、神经官能症、消化不良、贫血诸功效。”他这样处理的:Taiganhasbeenbelievedtobeabletoproducecertainmedicaleffects,namely,toallayafever,toreducehypertension,tostrengthenphysicalandmentalfunctions,torelievehalitosisandtodispeltheeffectsofalcohol.Taigancanalsobeservedasamedicaldietforthosewhoaresufferingfromheartfailure,neurosis,indigestionandanemia.References《当代西方翻译理论选读》,马会娟、苗菊,外语教育与研究出版社,2009《功能加忠诚_介评克丽丝汀_诺德的功能翻译理论》,张美芳,JournalofForeignLanguages,2005《实用翻译教程》,冯庆华,上海外语教育出版社,2008《文学翻译批评概论》,王宏印,中国人民大学出版社,2009《新编汉英翻译教程》,陈宏薇、李亚丹,上海外语教育出版社,2004《英汉翻译综合教程》,王宏印,辽宁师范大学出版社,2007《中西翻译思想比较研究》,刘宓庆,中国对外翻译出版公司,2005TranslationAsaPurposefulActivity--FuntionalistApproachesExplained,ChristianeNord,ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2001