经典化学合成反应标准操作Sandmeyer反应编者:谢军赵立志药明康德新药开发有限公司化学合成部经典合成反应标准操作—Sandmeyer反应药明康德新药开发有限公司目录1.前言………………………………………………………………22.重氮化氟代………………………………………33.重氮化氯代………………………………………………………34.重氮化溴代………………………………………………………55.重氮化碘代…………………………………………66.重氮化氰基取代…………………………………………77.重氮化羟基取代……………………………………98.重氮化去胺反应……………………………………109.参考文献………………………………………………………13药明康德内部保密资料Page1of13经典合成反应标准操作—Sandmeyer反应药明康德新药开发有限公司1.前言1858年,PeterGriess首次发现了芳香重氮化合物1。1884年,德国化学家T.Sandmeyer在用乙炔铜和苯胺的重氮盐(PhN2Cl)合成苯乙炔时,得到的主产物却是氯苯,经过仔细研究,发现原来是由于反应中产生的CuCl催化使重氮基被氯取代。随后,Sandmeyer发现用CuBr和CuCN也能得到相应的溴苯和苯甲腈,因此我们把这一类反应称为Sandmeyer反应2。1890年,L.Gatterman发现直接用铜粉和盐酸或氢溴酸也能从苯胺得到相应的氯苯或溴苯,这种类型的反应称为Gatterman反应3。1927年,同样是德国的化学家G.Balz和G.Schiemann发现直接加热苯胺的硼氟酸重氮盐能得到氟苯,这就是Balz-Schiemann反应4。1935年,F.B.Dains和F.Eberly用KI去处理重氮盐,成功合成了碘代苯5。随后重氮化羟基取代和重氮化去胺反应也相继被发现,加上偶氮反应,形成了比较完善的芳香重氮化合物反应体系。NNazocouplingNNRClBrICNSandmeyerreactionCuClCuBrKICuCNHydroxylationH3+OOHFNaBF4Balz-ShiemannreactionHH3PO2Hydro-dediazotization其反应机理还没有完全搞清楚,一般我们认为是一个自由基反应,苯环上的取代基(如羟基,烷氧基,酰基,羧基,硝基和卤素等),无论是吸电子基团还药明康德内部保密资料Page2of13经典合成反应标准操作—Sandmeyer反应药明康德新药开发有限公司是供电子基团,对反应都没有特别的影响,氯代必须用CuCl/HCl体系,溴代则要用CuBr/HBr体系,碘代则一般用盐酸做重氮盐,不用Cu盐催化,直接加KI或NaI就能得到碘苯。NNXR+CuXCuX2+NNR-N2RCuX2RXdiazoniumradicalarylradical一百多年来,由于芳香重氮化合物活性高,容易制备,工艺成熟,使其在化学合成和化学工业中的应用非常广泛。Sandmeyer反应,Gatterman反应和Balz-Schiemann反应是官能团转换的重要反应,也是经典的人名反应,见证了整个有机化学的发展历程。2.重氮化氟代-Balz-Schiemann反应参见《经典化学合成反应标准操作-有机氟化合物的合成》。3.重氮化氯代芳胺的盐酸重氮盐在氯化亚铜的催化下发生反应从而得到相应的氯代产物,胺基取代的芳杂环也能发生相同的反应。这是合成芳香氯代物的重要的方法,一般的转换过程是对底物硝化,还原为胺,再重氮化氯代,这个方法特别适用于将氯原子引入用其他方法难以引入的位置。反应收率通常还可以。反应示例6:CHONH2CHOClNaNO2CuCl药明康德内部保密资料Page3of13经典合成反应标准操作—Sandmeyer反应药明康德新药开发有限公司Asolutionof450g.(2moles)ofstannouschloridecrystalsin600cc.ofconcentratedhydrochloricacidisplacedina3-l.beakerprovidedwithanefficientmechanicalstirrerandcooledinanicebath.Whenthetemperatureofthesolutionhasfallento+5°,100g.(0.66mole)ofm-nitrobenzaldehydeisaddedinoneportion.Thetemperaturerisesslowlyatfirst,reaching25–30°inaboutfiveminutes,thenrisesveryrapidlytoabout100°.Stirringmustbevigorousorthereactionmixturemaybeforcedoutofthebeaker.Duringthereactionthenitrobenzaldehydedissolves,andanalmostclear,redsolutionisobtained.Thesolutioniscooledinanice-saltmixtureuntilthetemperaturehasfallentoabout+2°.Duringthecooling,orange-redcrystalsseparateandapastysuspensionresults.A250-cc.separatoryfunnelisfixedsothatitsstemextendsbelowthesurfaceofthepastysuspension.Asolutionof46g.(0.67mole)ofsodiumnitritein150cc.ofwaterisplacedinthefunnelandisslowlyaddedtothewell-stirredmixtureuntilitshowsapositivestarch-iodidetestfornitrousacid.Thetemperatureofthemixtureismaintainedbetween0°and+5°throughouttheadditionofthenitritesolution,whichrequiresaboutninetyminutes.Usually,allbut5–8cc.ofthenitritesolutionmustbeaddedbeforeapositivetestfornitrousacidappears.Duringthelatterpartofthediazotizationoftheaminobenzaldehyde,ahotsolutionofcuprouschlorideisprepared.Ina5-l.round-bottomedflask,189g.(0.75mole)ofpowderedcoppersulfatecrystalsand161g.ofsodiumchloridearedissolvedin600cc.ofhotwater,andtothissolutionisaddedasolutionof41g.(0.22mole)ofsodiummetabisulfite(Na2S2O5)and27g.(0.67mole)ofsodiumhydroxidein300cc.ofwater.Thefinaltemperatureoftheresultingcuprouschloridesolutionshouldbeabout75°.Thediazoniumsolutionisaddedtothehotcuprouschloridesolutionwhilethelatterisshakenbyhandbutisnotcooled.Afterthesolutionsarethoroughlymixed,840cc.ofconcentratedhydrochloricacidisaddedandthemixtureisallowedtostandovernight.Thereactionmixtureissteam-distilledtoseparatethem-chlorobenzaldehyde,whichiscollectedpracticallycompletelyinthefirst1.5l.of药明康德内部保密资料Page4of13经典合成反应标准操作—Sandmeyer反应药明康德新药开发有限公司distillate.Them-chlorobenzaldehydeisremovedfromtheaqueousdistillatebyextractionwithtwo150-cc.portionsofether,andtheetherealsolutionisdriedwith10–15g.ofanhydrouscalciumchloride.Afterbeingdecantedfromthedryingagent,theetherisdistilled,andtheresidualliquidisdistilledunderdiminishedpressure.Them-chlorobenzaldehydeboilsat84–86°/8mm.,107–109°/26mm.Theyieldis70–74g.(75–79percentofthetheoreticalamount).4.重氮化溴代反应需用CuBr/HBr体系,其他方面与重氮化氯代没有太多差别,收率通常也可以。反应示例7:NH2ClBrClNaNO2CuBrAmixtureof127.5g.(1mole)ofagoodcommercialgradeofo-chloroanilineand300ml.(2.5moles)of48%hydrobromicacidina2-l.flasksetinanicebathiscooledto0°bytheadditionofice.Asolutionof70g.(1mole)ofsodiumnitritein125ml.ofwaterisaddedrapidly,withstirring,thetemperaturebeingkeptbelow10°bytheadditionofsmallpiecesofice.Whenonlyabout5ml.ofthesodiumnitritesolutionremains,furtheradditionsaremadecautiouslyuntilanexcessofnitrousacidremainsafterthelastaddition.Inthemeantime,amixtureof79g.(0.55mole)ofcuprousbromide(Note3)and80ml.(0.6mole)of48%hydrobromicacidisheatedtoboilingina5-l.round-bottomedthree-neckedflask,equippedwithacondensersetfordistillationandprovidedwitha2-l.receivingflask,asteaminlettubeclosedbyascrewclamp,andaseparatoryfunnel.Aboutone-fourthofthediazoniumsolutionistransferredtotheseparatoryfunnel,withoutfiltration,andimmediatelyrunintothecuprousbromide-hydrobromicacidsolution,whichiskeptboilingoverafreeflame,atsucha药明康德内部保密资料Page5of13经典合成反应标准操作—Sandmeyer反应药明康德新药开发有限公司