1专业英语EnglisharticleinCivilEngineering(土木工程专业英语课文)Lesson1CareersinCivilEngineeringEngineeringisaprofession,whichmeansthatanengineermusthaveaspecializeduniversityeducation.Manygovernmentjurisdictionsalsohavelicensingprocedureswhichrequireengineeringgraduatestopassanexamination,similartothebarexaminationforalawyer,beforetheycanactivelystartontheircareers.specialized专门的,专科的jurisdiction管辖权,权限license许可(证),执照bar律师业土木工程是一个意味着工程师必须要经过专门的大学教育的职业。许多政府管辖部门还有(一套)认证程序,这一程序要求工科毕业生在他们能积极地开始(从事)他们的事业之前,通过(认证)考试,这种考试类似于律师职业里的律师考试一样。Intheuniversity,mathematics,physics,andchemistryareheavilyemphasizedthroughouttheengineeringcurriculum,butparticularlyinthefirsttwoorthreeyears.Mathematicsisveryimportantinallbranchesofengineering,soitisgreatlystressed.Today,mathematicsincludescoursesinstatistics,whichdealswithgathering,classifying,andusingnumericaldata,orpiecesofinformation.mathematicsn.数学curriculumn.课程branchn.(学科)分科stress强调coursesn.课程,路线statisticsn.统计学,统计dealwith涉及,处理Animportantaspectofstatisticalmathematicsisprobability,whichdealswithwhatmayhappenwhentherearedifferentfactors,orvariables,thatcanchangetheresultsofaproblem.Beforetheconstructionofabridgeisundertaken,forexample,astatisticalstudyismadeoftheamountoftraffic(which)thebridgewillbeexpectedtohandle.Inthedesignofthebridge,variablessuchaswaterpressureonthefoundation,impact,theeffectsofdifferentwindforces,andmanyotherfactorsmustbeconsideredhandleundertakevt.承担amountoftrafficn.交通量impact碰撞,冲击Variable变量大学里,工科课程中着重强调数学、物理,和化学,尤其在开始的二到三年。在工科所有分支中,数学非常重要,因此它被着重地强调。今天,数学包括统计学中的课程主要涉及集合,分类,和使用数字数据,或信息。统计数学的一个重要方面是概率,它涉及当有改变问题的结果的不同的因素,或变量时,可能会发生什么。例如,在承担桥梁的建设之前,运用统计研究来预计未来桥梁期望承受的交通量.在桥梁的设计中,(各种)变量如作用在基础上的水压,碰撞,不同的风力的作用,以及许多其它因素必须考虑。Becauseagreatdealofcalculationisinvolvedinsolvingtheseproblems,computerprogrammingisnowincludedinalmostallengineeringcurricula.Computers,ofcourse,cansolvemanyproblemsinvolvingcalculationswithgreaterspeedandaccuracythanahumanbeingcan.Butcomputerareuselessunlesstheyaregivenclearandaccurateinstructionsandinformation-inotherwords,agoodprogram.beinvolvedin涉及program编程序,电脑程序curriculan.课程instruction指令由于在解决这些问题涉及大量的计算,现在几乎所有工科课程中都包括计算机编程。当然,计算机能比人类以更快的速度和准确性解决许多问题。但如果不给计算机清楚和准确指令和信息,换句话说,一个好程序,它也是无用的。Inspiteoftheheavyemphasisontechnicalsubjectsintheengineeringcurriculum,acurrenttrendistorequirestudentstotakecoursesinthesocialscienceandthelanguagearts.Therelationshipbetweenengineeringandsocietyisgettingcloser;itissufficient,therefore,tosayagainthattheworkperformedbyanengineeraffectssocietyinmanydifferentandimportantwaysthatheorsheshouldbeawareof.Anengineeralsoneedsasufficientcommandoflanguagetobeabletopreparereportsthatareclearand,inmanycases,persuasive.Anengineerengagedinresearchwillneedtobeabletowriteuphisorherfindingforscientificpublications.command把握,支配,控制------翻译时需要引申engageinv.使从事于,参加writeupv.详细描写scientificpublication科技出版物虽然,在工科课程中,对技术科目着重强调,但当前的趋势还是要求学生学习社会科学和语言艺术的课程。工程和社会间的关系变得更加紧密;因此,再一次充分说明,工程师负责2(承担)的工程在许多不同和重要的方面影响社会,这些方面是他们所知道的。并且,工程师需要一种很肯定(自信)语言表达方式来准备报告,这个报告要清楚明了,且在多数情况下,是令人信服的。参与研究的工程师要能为科学出版物详细描述他们的发现。Thelasttwoyearsofanengineeringprogramincludesubjectswithinthestudent’sfieldofspecialization.Forthestudentwhoispreparingtobecomeacivilengineer,thesespecializedcoursesmaydealwithsuchsubjectsasgeodeticsurveying,soilmechanics,orhydraulics.subject科目,学科geodeticsurveying大地测量soilmechanicsn.土力学hydraulicsn.水力学specialization专业最后两年的工科课程计划包括学生专业领域的学科。为准备使学生成为一名土木工程师,这些专业课程可能会涉及诸如大地测量、土力学,或水力学。Activerecruitingforengineersoftenbeginsbeforethestudent'slastyearintheuniversity.Manydifferentcorporationandgovernmentagencieshavecompetedfortheservicesofengineersinrecentyears.Inthescience-orientedsocietyoftoday,peoplewhohavetechnicaltrainingare,ofcourse,indemand.Youngengineersmaychoosetogointoenvironmentalorsanitaryengineering,forexample,whereenvironmentalconcernshavecreatedmanyopenings;ortheymaychooseconstructionfirmsthatspecializeinhighwaywork;ortheymayprefertoworkwithoneofthegovernmentagenciesthatdealwithwaterresource.Indeed,thechoiceislargeandvaried.近年来,许多不同的公司和政府机构为争夺工程师而竞争。在今天这个重视科学技术的社会,受过技术训练的人当然是受欢迎的。年轻工程师也许选择进入环境或卫生工程领域工作,例如,在环境问题方面创造的许多机会;或他们也许选择专门的高速公路工程的建筑公司;或他们也许喜欢与政府机构当中处理水资源的机构之一共事。的确,选择很多且多样。Whentheyoungengineerhasfinallystartedactualpractice,thetheoreticalknowledgeacquiredintheuniversitymustbeapplied,Heorshewillprobablybeassignedatthebeginningtoworkwithateamofengineers.Thus,on-the-jobtrainingcanbeacquiredthatwilldemonstratehisorherabilitytotranslatetheoryintopracticetothesupervisors.assign分配,指派on-the-jobadj.在职的,现场的demonstrate证明,示范,论证supervisor主管人,管理人当年轻工程师最后开始了真正的实践,必须要运用到大学中学到的理论知识。最初,他或她可能会被分配到与工程队合作。从而,他们会得到在职的培训,这个培训将向管理人员证明他们将理论转化为实践的能力。Thecivilengineermayworkinresearch,design,constructionsupervision,maintenance,oreveninsalesormanagement.Eachoftheseareasinvolvesdifferentduties,differentemphases,anddifferentusesofengineer'sknowledgeandexperience.civilengineer.土木工程师constructionsupervision施工监督,施工管理土木工程师可能在研究、设计、施工管理、养护或者甚至销售或管理单位工作。每一个工作领域都涉及不同的职责,不同的着重点以及运用不同的工程理论和经验。Researchisoneofthemostimportantaspectsofscientificandengineeringpractice.Aresearcherusua