Phonetics � Lecture 4&5

Anatomy&PhysiologySpeechMechanism–3systems:RespiratoryLaryngealSupralaryngealRespiratorySystem•Ribcage,lungs,abdomen&muscles•“pump”•Airmovingout–egressivesounds•Airmovingintolungs–ingressivesounds•English=EgressiveWhathappenswhenwebreathe?•Diaphragm–contracts-pullslungsdown&outward.BreathCycle•Lungsfull•Diaphragm&Ribmuscles–relax•Abdominalmusclescontractslightly•Airmovesoutoflungs!Howarespeechsoundsproduced?•Laryngealsystem&Supralaryngealsystems–shapeairintospeech•Note–breathcyclefornormalbreathingandspeechdiffer?How?LaryngealSystem•Larynx–voicebox•Larynx–protectslungs&makesvoice•Vocalfolds–openandclose•Glottis–spacebetweenvocalfolds•Isglottisopenedorclosedduringnormalbreathing?Ourvoice•Voice–producedbyopening&closingofvocalfolds.•VFs–broughttogethergently,airpressurebuildsup,forcesVFsapart!•WhathappenswhenVFsareopened?Airpresssure…….FundamentalFrequencyofVoice•Fundamentalfrequency–determinedby….•Higherfundamentalfrequencyperceivedas……………•Lowerfundamentalfrequencyperceivedas………………..•TypicalFundamentalfrequencyformales,females,infant……………….Hertz•CyclespersecondHowdowechangeourpitch?•Makevocalfolds____________,____________,________________.•Pitchchanges=intonation.•Whendoesintonationgethigher?Supralaryngealsystem•SoundentersPharynx(throat)thenoraland/ornasalcavities•Whathappenswhensoundentersnasalcavity?Oralcavity?Both?Articulators•Articulatorsduringspeechcanbe“fixed”or“moving”•Velum(softpalate)–closedformostofspeech,closesvelopharyngealport,airgoesoutofmouth.•Jaw(mandible)–connectedtobaseofskull(temporomandibularjoint)•Howcanjawmove?Tongue•Tongue–5parts•Body,tip,blade,dorsum(back),root•Tonguebody–positionof“tonguebody”describeshowsoundsareproducesforspeech.•Tonguetip–usedforapicalsounds,mostmobilearticulatorLipsLips–upper&lowerDuringartic–1.Open&close(seefigure3-16)2.Rounding3.ProtrudingCompare“pop”versus“you”Notediacritcsforroundedvowel,unroundedvowel,labializedconsonant,nonlabializedconsonant(insidebackcoveroftextbook)Mvmt.OfUppervs.LowerLip•Lowerlip–movesmore!•Exercisefrompage23–•Althoughthetongueisveryimportantinspeecharticulation,thereareseveralreportsofpersonswhoproduceintelligiblespeechevenaftermostofthetonguehasbeensurgicallyremoved(oftenbecauseofcancer).Individualssometimescompensatesurprisinglywellfordamagetothearticulators.Chapter4-Vowels•Vowel–“Avowelisaspeechsoundthatisformedwithoutasignificantconstrictionoftheoralandpharyngealcavitiesandthatservesasasyllablenucleus.”(Shriberg&Kent,p.25).•Cavities–notnarrowed•Syllablenucleus–1vowelpersyllableMonophthongvs.Diphthongs•Monophthong–1puresound•Diphthong–producedwith“graduallychangingarticulation”(p.25),2sounds,digraph(pairofsymbols)•/aI/=/a/plus/I/TongueHeight•TongueHeight–verticalposition•Heighthighvs.low•TongueAdvancement–frontvs.back,retraction,front-central-back!Table4-2(p.27)•Front–seat,that,wet,guess,did,late•Central–but,bird,luck,supper,once,firm•Back–call,tune,load,log,push,took•VowelQuadrilateral–4pointvowels•Memorizethisquadrilateral.Tensevs.Lax•Tenseness-muscleinvolvement•Tense=long,Lax=short•Laxvowels–can’tappearinstressedopensyllables!•Tensevowels–canappearinboth!Roundedvs.Unrounded•Rounded–lipspursed&protruded(/u/asin“who”)•Unrounded-/i/asin“he”,/ae/asin“had.”Spectrograms•Narrowvs.WideBand•Twotypes•WideBand–showFormants•NarrowBand–showHarmonics•Formants–F1&F2showtongueartic•F1–relatedtotongueheight•F2–relatedtotongueadvancement•(seeFigure10-13)