学术英语3U1Definition课后练习答案和课文翻译

Definition1.ObjectivesAftercompletingthelearningofthisunit,studentsareexpectedto(1)gettoknowhowdefinitionisappliedinthediversesourcesofacademicEnglishsuchaslectures,journalarticles,books,etc.;(2)evaluate,synthesizeandorganizetheinformationbyusingdefinitionsineitherreading,listening,speakingorwriting;(3)gettoknowthechiefcomponentsinmakingadefinitionthroughcomparisonafterreadingadiversityofmaterials;4)applydefinitionsinspeakingandwritingtasksasrequired.2.TimeAllotmentThisunitrevolvesaroundhowdefinitionsareappliedinacademicEnglish,entailingteachersorganizingclassactivitiesfromthisperspective.Teachersareadvisedtocompletethewholeunitwithin8hoursforthefourtaskslistedinthetextbook:1hourforTask1,2hoursforTask2,3hoursforTask3and2hoursforTask4.3.SuggestedTeachingStepsStep1WarmupArrangestudentsinpairsandhavethembrainstormanythingfromwords,phrases,books,moviesordailyusageconcerningthefollowingtechnicalterms.Askstudentstowritedownasmuchinformationaspossibleandguidestudentstothinkaboutwhatisthedifferentiatingpointoraspectforeachterm.Theneachpairisadvisedtousethatinformationtogiveadefinitionofit.(1)artificialintelligence(2)cloudcomputing(3)biotechnology(4)wirelesspower(5)indigenousknowledge(6)ultrasonics(7)disruptivetechnology(8)phobia(9)anthropology(10)artinstallationStep2Tasks1,2,3,4Tasks1,3,and4arefourreadingpassages,allofwhichareabouthowtousedefinitionstodevelopthecentralideas.Reading1isarelativelyshortpassageintroducinganewtopicbyusingdefinitions.Readings2and3arelongreadingpassagesfordetailedanalysisofhowdefinitionsareusedwithinauthenticcontexts.Reading4providesaconciseandwell-organizedpassagechieflyforwritingpuq^osesbyusingdefinition.Teachersareadvisedtoemploydifferentteachingstrategiesandtimeallotmentstohandlethematerials.Task2isintendedforlisteningpracticethroughtheuseofdefinition.FocusshouldbegiventoListening1withtheothertwoassupplementarylistening.Teachersareadvisedtodrawstudents1***5attentiontodefinitionwhendealingwitheachtask,andthencenteroneachdefinition,gatheringtherelevantinformationorideastogetherforglobalunderstandingofeachtopic.Providehelptostudentswhenevernecessary.Step3Project-basedClassActivitiesStudentsaredividedinto5-6groups.Eachgroupisrequiredtochooseoneofthefollowingtopicsandconductasurvey.Thesurveyshouldcenteraroundadefinitionofcertainkeytermoranewconceptandexpandonitsdefinitionfromdifferentperspectives.Generallythesurveyconsistsofthefollowingsteps:(1)Raiseaquestionaboutwhatthetermorconceptis,andbrainstormwhatitisabout;(2)SearchforrelatedarticlesontheInternet(aminimumof3Englishessays);(3)Writeashortreport,synthesizingtheideasfromthearticles;(4)Organizeaspecialforumoneachtermorconceptwithinthegroupforstudentsthemselvestofullypresentit;(5)EachgrouppresentsitsresearchresultintheformofPPT.Thetopicareasrevolvingaroundakeytermorconceptare:(1)thefundamentalchangeinthewayweliveandworkbroughtaboutbymodemtechnology(takewirelesspowerandcloudcomputingaspartoftheexamples);(2)theadverseimpactofmodemtechnologyontheexistingwayoflife(takeindigenousknowledgeasanillustrationtodemonstratethegreatrisksensuingfromthedevelopmentprocess);(3)thestrategyonhowtostrikeabalancebetweendevelopmentandtradition(givemoreexamplestoillustrateeachpoint);(4)theamazingrangeofbenefitsmodemtechnologyhasbroughttosociety(takeultrasonicsandotherinstancestoillustrate);(5)whethermodemtechnologyisablessingoracursetohumanlifeandtheenvironment;(6)whethertechnologicalinnovations,especiallydisruptivetechnologies,canpushhumancivilizationforward.1.BackgroundInformationTeachersneedtobewellinformedofhowdefinitionisappliedinanacademicEnglishteachingenvironmentasaprerequisitetoclassroomteaching.QuestionslikeuWhatisdefinitionintheusualorpopularsense?Whatisdefinitionwithintheacademiccontext?Whatkindsofdefinitionsareacademicallyputforth?”shouldbegivenampleattentionbeforeclassroomteaching.Thefollowingcanserveassomebackgroundinformation.1)Understandthedictionarymeaning(1)astatementexpressingtheessentialnatureofsomething;(2)astatementofthemeaningofawordorwordgrouporasignorsymbol;(3)theactionorprocessofstatingthemeaningofawordorwordgroup;(4)theactionorthepowerofdescribing,explaining,ormakingthingsoreventsdefiniteandclear(e.g.thedefinitionofatelescope,hercomicgeniusisbeyonddefinition).(5)Inphilosophy，definitionmeansthespecificationofthemeaningofanexpressionrelativetoalanguage.2)ClassificationsDefinitionsmaybeclassifiedaslexical,ostensive,andstipulative.Lexicaldefinitionspecifiesthemeaningofanexpressionbystatingitintermsofotherexpressionswhosemeaningisassumedtobeknown(e.g.,aeweisafemalesheep).Ostensivedefinitionspecifiesthemeaningofanexpressionbypointingtoexamplesofthingstowhichtheexpressionapplies(e.g.,greenisthecolorofgrass,limes,lilypads,andemeralds).Stipulativedefinitionassignsanewmeaningtoanexpression(orameaningtoanewexpression);theexpressiondefined(deflniendum)mayeitherbeanewexpressionthatisbeingintroducedintothelanguageforthefirsttime,oranexpressionthatisalreadycurrent.Anintensionaldefinition,alsocalledacoactivedefinition,specifiesthenecessaryandsufficie