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IntroductiontoAmericanLit.•Youngestofallnationalliteratures•LittlewritteninEnglishinU.S.beforetheRevolution•AmericanNobelPrizewinnersSinclairLewis1930EugeneO’Neill1936PearlBuck1938T.S.Eliot1948WilliamFaulkner1949ErnestHemingway1954JohnSteinbeck1962SaulBellow1976IssacBashevisSinger1978ToniMorrison1993SeveralimportantperiodsinAmericanhistory•1492•WarforIndependence(1776-1783)•theCivilWar(1861-1865)•thetwoworldwars(1914--)FivePeriodsofAmericanLit.•PartI.TheColonialPeriod(1607-1781)•PartII.TheLiteratureofReasonandRevolution(1781-1815)•PartIII.TheLiteratureofRomanticism(1815-1865)•PartIV.TheLiteratureofRealism(1865-1900)•PartV.The20th-centuryofAmericanLiterature(1900/1914--)PartI.TheLiteratureofColonialAmerica•HistoricalIntroduction•Puritan•Puritanism•EarlyAmericanwritersandPoetsI.HistoricalIntroduction•ThenativeAmericanandtheirculture–-Indians•ChristopherColumbusdiscoveredtheAmericancontinentin1492•CaptainChristopherNewportreachedVirginiain1607.•PuritanscametotheNewEnglandarea,byMayflowerin1620.•ThePuritanmigrationbegan.Puritans•OnedivisionofEnglishProtestant.TheyregardedthereformationofthechurchunderElizabethasincomplete,andcalledforfurtherpurification.•The17th-centuryAmericanPuritansincludedtwoparts:SeparatistsandMassachusettsBayGroup.•TheirReligiousDoctrines:originalsin,totaldepravity,predestinationandlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod.•TheyregardedthemselvesaschosenpeopleofGod.Theyembracedhardships,industryandfrugality.Theyfavoredadisciplined,hard,somber,asceticandharshlife.Theyopposedartsandpleasure.Theysuspectjoyandlaughterassymptomsofsin.Puritanism•Areligiousandpoliticalmovement.Throughit,oneseesemergingtherightoftheindividualtopoliticalandreligiousindependence.•Theirattitudestowardwork:workitselfisgoodinadditiontowhatitachieves,thattimesavedbyefficiencyorgoodfortuneshouldbespentindoingfurtherwork.Puritanism’sinfluenceonAmericanliterature•Purpose:pragmatic•Contents:practicalmatter-of-factaccountsoflifeinthenewworld;highlytheoreticaldiscussionsofreligiousquestions.•Form:diary,autobiography,sermon,letter•Style:tightandlogicstructure,preciseandcompactexpression,avoidanceofrhetoricaldecoration,adoptionofhomelyimagery,simplicityofdiction.II.LiteraryFeatures1.majorforms:diaries,histories,journals,letters,commonplacebooks,travelbooks,sermons(personalliteratureinvariousforms)2.EarlyAmericanWritersandPoets（1）South,Jamestown,Virginia:•CaptainJohnSmith--firstAmericanwriter;8worksContributions:hisdescriptionofAmericawasfilledwiththemes,myths,images,scenes,charactersandeventsthatwereafoundationforthenation’sliterature.HeluredthePilgrimsintofleeinghereandcreatingaNewland.（2）North,NewEngland,PuritanWriters•WilliamBradford:firstgovernorofPlymouth,TheHistoryofPlymouthPlantation,simplicity,earnestness,directreporting,readable,moving.•JohnWinthrop:firstgovernorofBoston,TheHistoryofNewEngland,AModelofChristianCharity(speech)candidsimplicity,honesty（3）TwoPoets:•AnneBradstreet•EdwardTaylor致我亲爱的丈夫•假如红尘连理能融为一体,你我必添欢快,•假如世间男子能得妻所爱,你可自去开怀,•假如有哪位女子醉心于丈夫的给予,•请你来和我比较,和我比较,如果你有足够的幸福•我赞美你的爱胜过普天之下的金矿,•我珍惜你的爱强于东方世界的珍藏.•我的爱热烈似火,万千河水熄不灭他的烈焰,•惟有你的爱能补偿这无悔的灿烂;•你的爱纯挚痴狂,我无以为报,•苍天将赐予你更多，我虔诚祈祷,•徜徉于人世,我们寻求永恒,•当生命枯竭,我们因爱永生。PartII.TheLiteratureofReasonandRevolution（1781--1815）•HistoricalIntroduction•BenjaminFranklin•ThomasPaine•ThomasJefferson•PhilipFreneauHistoricalBackground1.IndustrialRevolutionspurredtheeconomyinAmericancolonies.2.WarforIndependence3.Spirituallifeofthecolonies—Enlightenment•supportedbyallprogressiveforcesofthecountry•opposedtheoldcolonialorderandreligiousobscurantism•disseminatedknowledgeandadvocatedrevolutionaryideasandactivelyparticipatedinthewar•adecisiveblowuponthepuritantraditions•broughtseculareducationandliterature•injectedaninvigoratingveinintotheEnglishliteratureinAmericanastheyaimedatclarityandprecisionoftheirwritings•BenjaminFranklinBenjaminFranklin1706-1790I.BriefIntroduction[TB.P.32]•aprinter•escapetoPhiladelphia;ThePennsylvaniaGazette•publicservice:foundedtheUniversityofPenn.improvedthepostalsystemsupportedthecauseofindependenceaidedJeffersoninwritingtheDeclarationofIndependencegainedhelpfromFrance•scientificachievements:inventionstheoriesofelectricity•thefirstmajorwriterPoorRichard’sAlmanac《穷理查年鉴》Autobiography《自传》II.MajorWorks1.PoorRichard’sAlmanac•ForAgeandWant,savewhileyoumay;NoMorningSunlastsawholeday.•Apennysavedisapennyearned.•Awordtothewiseissufficient.Theusedkeyisalwaysbright.•Ifyoulovelife,donotwastetime,forthat’swhatlifeismadeof.•Onetodayisworthtwotomorrows.•Asmallleakwillsinkagreatship.•Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.•Lazinesstravelssoslowlythatpovertysoonovertakeshim.•Ifyouwouldknowthevalueofmoney,goandtrytoborrowsome.•Experiencekeepsadearschool,butfoolswilllearninnoother.•Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.•Losttimeisneverfoundagain.•Fishandvisitorsstinkinthreedays.2.Autobiographyfourparts;65yearsoldwhenhewroteit(1)contents•aninspiringaccountofapoorboy’srisetoahighposition.Itisahow-to-do-itbook,oneontheartofself-improvement;•coveredhislifeonlyuntil1757whenhewas5