American Literature_Realism & Mark Twain(美国现实主义文学&

ReviewWhat’sthetimeofromanticperiod?TheRomanticPeriodFromtheendof18cWenttothetopin1840s,knownasNewEnglandTranscendentalismEndwiththeoutbreakofCivilWar(1861~65)WhatisAmericanRomanticism?GreatfloweringofAmericanliteratureRomanticismemphasizedtheindividual,thesubjective,theirrational,theimaginative,thepersonal,thespontaneous,theemotional,andthevisionary.TheOutlineofAmericanLiteratureIColonialPeriod(1607—1765)IIRevolutionaryPeriod(1765—1800)IIITheAgeofRomanticism(1800—1865)IVTheAgeofRealism(1865—1918)VAmericanModernism(1918—1945)VIContemporaryLiterature(1945--)GeneralBackgrounds1CivilWar→adeteriorationofAmericanmoralvalues2increasingindustrializationandmechanizationofthecountry→extremesofwealthandpoverty3thefrontierwasclosing→fellingofdisillusionmentWhatisRealism?DefinitionoftermRealismwasamodelofwritingthatgivestheimpressionofrecordingorreflectingfaithfullyanactualwayoflife.Thetermrefersbothtoaliterarymethodbasedondetailedaccuracyofdescriptionandtoamoregeneralattitudethatrejectsidealization,escapism,andotherextravagantqualitiesofromanceinfavorofrecognizingsoberlytheactualproblemsoflife.FeaturesofRealism①Verisimilitudeofdetailderivedfromobservation,theeffortofapproachthenormofexperience;②arelianceontherepresentativeinplot,setting,andcharacter;③andtoofferanobjectiveratherthananidealizedviewofhumannatureandexperience.MoreInformationAmericanRealismcameinthelatterhalfofthenineteenthcenturyasareactionagainstRomanticism.Itstressestruthfultreatmentofmaterial.Itfocusesoncommonnessofthelivesofthecommonpeople,andemphasizesobjectivityandoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.ThethreedominantfiguresoftheperiodareWilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJames.(P490)ComparethosethreedominantfiguresRefertoP490TheAgeofRealism(1865—1918)GeneralBackgroundsBeginningPeriod:Howells;James;LocalColorism:MarkTwainAmericanNaturalism(1908—1918):Crane;Norris;Dreiser;Robinson;JackLondon;OHenry;LocalcolorTermappliedtofictionorversewhichemphasizesitssetting,beingconcernedwiththecharacterofadistrictorofanera,asmarkedbyitscustoms,dialect,costumes,landscape,orotherpeculiaritiesthathaveescapedstandardizingculturalinfluences.LocalColorism/RegionalismAtrendbecamedominantinAmericanliteratureinthelate1860sandearly1870s.ItisavariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.LocalColorism/RegionalismIthassuchqualityoftextureandbackgroundthatitcouldnothavebeenwritteninanyotherplaceorbyanyoneelsethananative.Localcoloristspresentandinterpretthelocalcharacteroftheirregions.Theirultimateaimistocreatetheillusionofalocallittleworldwithqualitiesthattellitapartfromtheworldoutside.MarkTwain(1835-1910)Americanauthor,ahumorist,narrator,andsocialobserver.SamuelLanghorneClemenswasbornandbroughtupinthesmalltownofHannibal,Missouri,ontheMississippiRiver.Leftschoolat12becauseofthedeathofhisfather’Onceworkedasaprinter’sapprentice,asilverminer,asteamboatpilot,agold-washer,andafrontierjournalistIn1857,ClemenswenttoNewOrleansonhiswaytomakehisfortuneinSouthAmerica,butinsteadhebecameaMississippiRiverpilot—hencehishasthepenname,“MarkTwain,”“Halftwain!Quartertwain!M-a-r-ktwain!”Hefirstwonfamewiththecomicmasterpiece“TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty,”firstpublishedin1865andlater(1867)usedasthetitlepieceforavolumeofstoriesandsketches.Hesetoutworldtour,travelinginFranceandItaly.Hisexperienceswererecordedin1869inTheInnocentsAbroad,whichgainedhimwidepopularity,andpokedfunatbothAmericanandEuropeanprejudicesandmanners.ItssuccessgaveTwainenoughfinancialsecuritytomarryOliviaLangdonin1870.TheymovednextyeartoHartford.,wherethefamilyremained,withoccasionaltripsabroad,until1891.Inthe1890sTwainlostmostofhisearningsinfinancialspeculationsandinthedownhillofhisownpublishingfirm.TwainclosedHartfordhouse,andtorecoverfromthebankrupt,hestartedaworldlecturetour,duringwhichSuzy,hisfavoritedaughter,diedofmeningitis.Thedeathofhiswifein1904inFlorenceandhisseconddaughterdarkenedtheauthor'slateryears,whichisalsoseeninwritingsandhisautobiography(1924).TwaindiedonApril21,1910.HisWorks(1)1TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty(1865)卡拉维拉县弛名的跳蛙--Itisacollectionofshortstoriesfromoraltales,talltalesthatheheardinthewest.2InnocentsAbroad(1869)傻子国外旅行记3RoughingIt(1872)艰苦岁月4TheGildedAge(1873)镀金时代--WrittenincollaborationwithCharlesDudleyWarner,thenovelexploredthescrupulousindividualisminaworldoffantasticspeculationandunstablevalues.Thenovelwasanartisticfailure,butitgivesitsnametotheAmericaofthecorruptpost-CivilWarperiodinwhichitattemptedtosatirize.HisWorks(2)5TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876)汤姆.索亚历险记--isusuallyregardedasaclassicbookwrittenforboysabouttheirparticularhorrorsandjoys.Ithasbecometheimageofapeacefulsmall-townAmericanboyhoodformillionsofpeople,notonlyintheUnitedStatesbutthroughouttheworld.6ThePrinceandthePauper(1881)王子和贫儿7LifeontheMississippi(1883)密西西比河上----tellsastoryofhisboyhoodambitiontobecomeariverboatpilot.Toldwithinsight,humor,andcandor,LifeontheMississippiisanAmericanclassic.LifeontheMississippi0riginallypublishedin1883,LifeontheMi