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英语四级长篇阅读段落信息匹配题练习及答案（4）Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.长篇阅读DefinitionsofObesityA)Howdoesonedefinewhenapersonisconsideredtobeobeseandnotjustsomewhatoverweight?Height-weighttablesgiveanapproximateguidelineastowhetheroneissimplyoverweightorhaspassedintotheobesestage.B)TheWorldHealthOrganizationrecommendsusingaformulathattakesintoaccountaperson'sheightandweight.TheBodyMassIndex(BMI)iscalculatedbydividingtheperson'sweightinkilogramsbythesquareoftheirheightinmeters,andisthusgiveninunitsofkg/m2.ABMIof18.5-24.9isconsideredtobethehealthiest.ABMIofbetween25and29.9isconsideredtobeoverweight,whileaBMIofover30isconsideredtobeobese.C)However,itisrecognizedthatthisdefinitionislimitedasitdoesnottakeintoaccountsuchvariablesasage,genderandethnicorigin,thelatterbeingimportantasdifferentethnicgroupshaveverydifferentfatdistributions.Anothershortcomingisthatitisnotapplicabletocertainverymuscularpeoplesuchasathletesandbodybuilders,whocanalsohaveartificiallyhighBMIs.AgenciessuchastheNationalCholesterolEducationProgram(NCEP)intheUSAandtheInternationalDiabetesFoundation(IDF)arestartingtodefineobesityinadultssimplyintermsofwaistcircumference.HealthEffectsofObesityD)Over2000yearsago,theGreekphysicianHippocrateswrotethatpersonswhoarenaturallyveryfatareapttodieearlierthanthosewhoareslender.Thisobservationremainsverytruetoday.Obesityhasamajorimpactonaperson'sphysical,socialandemotionalwell-being.Itincreasestheriskofdevelopingdiabetesmellitustype2(matureonsetdiabetes)andalsomakesType2diabetesmoredifficulttocontrol.Thusweightlossimprovesthelevelsofbloodglucoseandbloodfats,andreducesbloodpressure.Theassociationbetweenobesityandcoronaryheartdiseaseisalsowell-known.CancerE)Furthermore,in2001medicalresearchersestablishedalinkbetweenbeingoverweightandcertainformsofcancer,andestimatedthatnearly10,000Britonsperyeardevelopcancerasaresultofbeingoverweight.Thisfigurewasmadeupof5,893womenand3,220men,withthestrongestassociationsbeingwithbreastandcoloncancers.However,itisthoughtthatbeingoverweightmayalsoincreasetheriskofcancerinthereproductiveorgansforwomenandintheprostateglandformen.F)Thelinkbetweenbreastcancerandnutritionalstatusisthoughttobeduetothesteroidhormonesoestrogenandprogesterone,whichareproducedbytheovaries,andgovernawoman'smenstrualcycle.Researchershavefoundthatthemoreawomaneats,orthemoresedentaryherlifestyle,thehigheraretheconcentrationsofprogesterone.Thislinkcouldexplainwhywomenfromlessaffluentcountrieshavelowerratesofbreastcancer.Womenfromlessaffluentnationstendtoeatlessfoodandtoleadlifestyleswhichinvolvemoredailymovement.Thislowerstheirprogesteronelevel,resultinginlowerpredispositiontobreastcancer.G)TheTimesnewspaper,in2002reportedthatobesitywasthemainavoidablecauseofcanceramongnon-smokersintheWesternworld!AgingH)ResearchpublishedbyStThomas'Hospital,London,UKin2005showedacorrelationbetweenbodyfatandaging,totheextentthatbeingobeseadded8.8yearstoawoman'sbiologicalage.Theeffectwasexacerbatedbysmoking,andanon-overweightwomanwhosmokes20cigarettesadayfor20yearsadded7.4yearstotheirbiologicalage.Thecombinationofbeingobeseandasmokeraddedatleasttenyearstoawoman’sbiologicalage,andalthoughthestudyonlyinvolvedwomen,theleadresearcherProfessorTimSpectorbelievesthefindingwouldalsoapplytomen.I)Theagingeffectwasdeterminedbymeasuringthelengthoftelomeres,tinycapsontheendsofchromosomes,whichhelpprotecttheDNAfromtheageingprocess.Indeed,telomereshavebeendubbedthechromosomalclockbecause,asanorganismages,theybecomeprogressivelyshorter,andcanbeusedtodeterminetheageoftheorganism.Beyondacertainpoint,thetelomerebecomessoshortthatitisnolongerabletopreventtheDNAofthechromosomefromfallingapart.Itisbelievedthatexcessbodyfat,andthechemicalspresentintobaccosmokereleasefreeradicalswhichtriggerinflammation.Inflammationcausestheproductionofwhitebloodcellswhichincreasestherateoferosionoftelomeres.DementiaJ)Recentresearch(2005)conductedintheUSAshowsthatobesityinmiddleageislinkedtoanincreasedriskofdementia,withobesepeopleintheir40sbeing74%morelikelytodevelopdementiacomparedtothoseofnormalweight.Forthosewhoaremerelyoverweight,thelifetimeriskofdementiariskwas35%higher.K)ScientistsfromtheAgingResearchCentreattheKarolinskaInstituteinSwedenhavebeenabletotakeinformationsuchasage,numberofyearsineducation,gender,bodymassindex,bloodpressurelevel,physicalactivityandgeneticfactors,assigningeachariskscore.Theythenusedthisinformationtodeviseapredictivetestfordementia.Thistestwillenablepeopleatrisk,forthefirsttime,tobeabletoaffectlifestylechangeswhichwillreducetheirriskofcontractingdementia.OtherProblemsL)Theworld-wideupsurgeinobesity,particularlyinchildren,isofmajoreconomicconcern,liabletodraineconomies.OffurtherconcernisthatresearchconductedinAustraliaandpublishedin2006,showsthatuptoonethirdofbreechpregnancieswereundetectedbythetraditionalpalpationexamination,theda