1小学英语知识点一、基础知识1.字母:26个字母的大小写ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz2.语音:元音的发音5个元音字母:AEIOU12个单元音:前元音:[i:][ɪ][e][æ]中元音:[ɜ:][ə]后元音:[ɑ:][ɒ][ɔ:][u:][ʊ][ʌ]双元音(8个)合口双元音[ai][ei][au][əu][ɔi]集中双元音[iə][εə][uə]3.词汇:词汇量,近反义词4.句子:大小写,标点符号二、语法知识名词:名词单复数,名词的格(一)名词单复数一般情况,直接加-s,如:book-books,bag-bags,cat-cats,bed-beds以s.x.sh.ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses,box-boxes,brush-brushes,watch-watches以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i,再加-es,如:family-families,strawberry-strawberries以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v,再加-es,如:knife-knives不规则名词复数:man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,policewoman-policewomen,mouse-micechild-children,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,fish-fish,people-people,Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese不可数名词的复数就是原形:paper,juice,water,milk,rice,tea(二)名词的格(1)有生命的东西的名词所有格:a)单数后加s如:Lucysruler,myfathersshirtb)以s结尾的复数名词后加’如:hisfriendsbags2c)不以s结尾的复数后加schildrensshoes并列名词中,如果把s加在最后一个名词后,表示共有,如:TomandMikescar汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车要表示所有物不是共有的,应分别在并列名词后加s,如:TomsandMikescars汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车(2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“of+名词”来表示所有关系:如:apictureoftheclassroomamapofChina冠词:不定冠词,定冠词种类(1)不定冠词:a/anaunit/anuncle元音开头的可数名词前用an:anegg/anapple/anorange(2)定冠词:thetheegg/theplane用法:定冠词的用法:特指某(些)人或某(些)物:Therulerisonthedesk.复述上文提到的人或物:Hehasasweater.Thesweaterisnew.谈话双方都知道的人或物:Theboysarentatschool.在序数词前:JohnsbirthdayisFebruarythesecond.用于固定词组中:inthemorning/afternoon/evening不用冠词的情况:专有名词前:Chinaisabigcountry.名词前有定语:this,that,my,your,some,any,no等:Thisismybaseball.复数名词表示一类人和事:Monkeyscantswim.Theyareteachers.在节日,日期,月份,季节前:TodayisChristmasDay.ItsSunday.一日三餐前:Wehavebreakfastat6:30.球类棋类运动前:Theyoftenplayfootballafterclass.Heplayschessathome.*但乐器前要用定冠词:Iplaytheguitarverywell.学科名称前:Myfavoritesubjectismusic.在称呼或头衔的名词前:ThisisMrLi.固定词组中:atnoonatnightbybus代词、形容词、副词代词:人称代词,物主代词3形容词,副词:比较级,最高级(一)形容词的比较级1.形容词比较级在句子中的运用:两个事物或人的比较用比较级,比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more,alittle来修饰表示程度。than后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)。2.形容词加er的规则:一般在词尾加er;以字母e结尾,加r;以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er;以“辅音字母+y”结尾,先把y变i,再加er。3.不规则形容词比较级:good-better,beautiful-morebeautiful(二)副词的比较级1.形容词与副词的区别(有be用形,有形用be;有动用副,有副用动)⑴在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后⑵副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后2.副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同(不规则变化:well-better,far-farther)数词:序数词、基数词(1)1-20one,two,three,our,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty(2)21-99先说“几十”,再说“几”,中间加连字符。23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one(3)101—999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;586→fivehundredandeighty-six,803→eighthundredandthree(4)1,000以上先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion1,001→onethousandandone18,423→eighteenthousandfourhundredandtwenty-three6,260,309→sixmilliontwohundredandsixtythousandthreehundredandnine750,000,000,000→sevenhundredandfiftybilion4序数词(1)一般在基数词后加theg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth(2)不规则变化one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve—twelfth(3)以y结尾的十位整数,变y为ie再加thtwenty→twentieth,forty→fortieth,ninety→ninetieth(4)从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。twenty-first,twohundredandforty-fifth基数词基数词转为序数词的口诀:基变序,有规律,词尾加上-th.一,二,三,特殊记,词尾字母t,d,d.八去t,九去e,ve要用f替。ty将y变成i,th前面有个e.若是碰到几十几,前用基来后用序。介词:常用介词:in,on,at,behind等1.at表示时间概念的某一个点。(在某时刻、时间、阶段等)。at1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一点钟(黎明、午夜、中午)2.on1)表示具体日期。注:(1)关于在周末的几种表示法:at(on)theweekend在周末---特指at(on)weekends在周末---泛指overtheweekend在整个周末duringtheweekend在周末期间(2)在圣诞节,应说atChristmas?而不说onChristmas?2)在(刚……)的时候Onreachingthecityhecalleduphisparents.一到城里他就给父母打了一个电话。3.in1)表示时段、时期,在多数情况下可以和during互换,前者强调对比,后者强调持续。in(during)1988(December,the20thcentury)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世纪)5动词:动词的四种时态(1)一般现在时:一般现在时的构成1.be动词:主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如:Iamaboy.我是一个男孩。2.行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。如:WestudyEnglish.我们学习英语。当主语为第三人称单数(he,she,it)时,要在动词后加-s或-es。如:MarylikesChinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。动词+s的变化规则1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks,milk-milks2.以s.x.sh.ch.o结尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses,wash-washes,watch-watches,go-goes3.以“辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i,再加-es,如:study-studies(2)一般过去时:动词过去式详解动词的过去式的构成规则有:A、规则动词①一般直接在动词的后面加ed:如worked,learned,cleaned,visited②以e结尾的动词直接加d:如lived,danced,used③以辅音字母加y结尾的动词要改y为i再加ed(此类动词较少)如study–studiedcarry–carriedworry–worried(注意play、stay不是辅音字母加y,所以不属于此类)④双写最后一个字母(此类动词较少)如stoppedB、不规则动词(此类词并无规则,须熟记)小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式:sing–sang,eat–ate,see–saw,have–had,do–did,go–went,take–took,buy–bought,get–got,read–read,fly–flew,am/is–was,are–were,say–said,leave–left,swim–swam,tell–told,draw–drew,come–came,lose–lost,find–found,drink–drank,hurt–hurt,feel–felt(3)一般将来时:基本结构:①begoingto+do;②will+do.begoingto=willIamgoingtogoswimmingtomorrow(明天).=Iwillgoswimmingtomorrow.(4)现在进行时:am,is,are+动词现在分词动词现在分词详解动词的ing形式的构成规则:①一般的直接在后面加上ing,如doing,going,working,singing,eating②以e结尾的动词,要先去e再加ing,如having,writing③双写最后一个字母的(此类动词极少)有:running,swimming,sitting,getting6三、句法1.陈述句(1)肯定句:是指用肯定的语气来陈述的句子,如:Imastudent.Sheisadoctor.Heworksinahospital.Therearefourfansinourclassroom.Hewilleatlunchat12:00.IwatchedTVyesterdayevening.(2)否定句:含有否定词或表示否定意义词的句子,如:Imnotastudent.Sheisnot(isnt)adoctor.Hedoesnot(doesnt)workinahospital.Therearenot(arent)fourfansinourclassroom.Hewillnot(wont)eatlunchat12:00.Ididnot(didnt)watchTVyesterdaye