lecture 3 morphological structure of English words

1Lecture3MorphologicalstructureofEnglishwordsLiZhigang21.book,books,bookish,bookcase2.tolerate,tolerance,tolerable,toleration,intolerable3.telephone,telegram,telescope3Teachingfocus:–Definitionofmorphemes–Definitionofallomorphs–Typesofmorphemesfreemorphemeboundmorpheme–Definitionsofroot,stemandbase43.1Morphemenation–onemorpheme–nation-al–twomorphemes–nation-al-ize–threemorphemes–de-nation-al-ize–fourmorphemes5morpheme(morphe—form+eme—‘classof’)Themorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.unbreakable63.2Morphemesandmorphs•Morphemesareabstractunits•Morphsareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.7•Anallomorphisoneofthevariantsofthesamemorpheme.thepluralmarker{s}isaddedtocat,dog,andhorse,/-s,-z,-iz/8allomorphs-ion/-tion/-sion/-ation1.invent,invention2.describe,description3.justify,justification;modernize,modernization4.expansion,decision,omission;exceptions:attend,attention;convert,conversion,etc.9allomorphs–im-imperfect,imbalance,immobile–ir-irregular,irresponsible–il-illogical,illegal–in-inflexible,incomplete103.3Classificationsofmorphemes1.freevs.boundmorphemes2.derivationalvs.inflectionalmorphemes3.content/lexicalvs.grammatical/functionalmorphemes1112133.3.1Freevs.boundmorphemesman,go,open,tourTheyareidenticalwithwords.•Freemorphemesareallroots/freeroots•swordfish•selfish14Freemorphemes•Contentwords,astheirnamesuggests,carrymostofthecontentofasentence.•Functionwordsgenerallyperformsomekindofgrammaticalrole,carryinglittlemeaningoftheirown.15•BoundMorphemes•Morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.•Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwordsortoperformaparticulargrammaticalfunction.16ante-ced-ent-ced-arootmeaning‘approach,goto’ante-aprefixmeaning‘before’-entanounsuffixmeaning‘aperson,athing’1718•Typesofboundmorphemes1BoundrootAboundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot.19WHYSTUDYROOTS?•MAN-hand•manacles(handcuffs)•manipulate•manual20•dict-•‘sayorspeak’•contradict•predict•dictate21dur-(latin):continuousduringdurationdurableendure22Sourceofboundroots•hybrids•cred-•credit,credence,incredible•loqu-•loquacious,eloquence,soliloquy,colloquy•aqu-•aquatic,aqueduct,aquarium,aqueous23LatinrootBasicmeaningExamplewords-duc-tolead,bring,takededuce,produce,reduce-gress-towalkdigress,progress,transgress-ject-tothroweject,inject,interject-pel-todrivecompel,dispel,impel-pend-tohangappend,pendant,pendulum-port-tocarrydeport,export,import-scrib-,-script-towritedescribe,prescribe,transcribe-tract-topull,drag,drawattract,contract,extract,retract-vert-toturnconvert,divert,invert,revert24GreekrootBasicmeaningExamplewordsanthrop-humanmisanthrope,philanthropy-chron-timechronic,chronicle,synchronize,chronometer-dem-peopledemocracy,demography,demagogue,endemic,pandemic-morph-formamorphous,morphology,morpheme-path-feeling,sufferingempathy,sympathy,apathy-pedo-,-ped-child,childrenpediatrician,pedagogue-phon-soundpolyphonic,phonetics25•Typesofboundmorphemes2AffixesAffixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.1.inflectionalaffixes2.derivationalaffixes263.3.2DerivationalversusinflectionmorphemesDerivationalmorphemesareusedtoderivenewwordswhentheyareaddedtoanothermorpheme.derivativesandcompoundsprefixessuffixes27preffixundosuffixlookinginfixsaxomaphonecircumfixascatteredinterfixspeedometerduplifixteeny-weenytransfixkitebsimulfixmouse--mice28Threesourcesofderivationalmorphemes1.OldandmiddleEnglish2.Foreignelements3.Fromfreemorphemes•1FromoldEnglish•-dom(freedom,wisdom,kingdom)•-ship(friendship,authorship,leadership)29•-dom•1stardom•2.dukedom•3.officialdom30•-ship•1.scholarship•2.courtship•3.professorship•4.penmanship•5.readership31Frombasicwordstock•Prefix:a-,be-,for-,fore-,mis-,out-,over-,un-,under-,up-,with-,etc.•Suffix:-dom,-ed,-en,-er,-est,-ful,-fold,-hood,-ie,-ing,-ish,-less,-like,-ling,-ly,-ness,-ship,-some,-ster,-th,-ty,-ward,-wise,-y,etc.32Threesourcesofderivationalmorphemes2Fromotherlanguages•-nik•sputnik•beatnik•peacenik33•filmnik•refusenik•protestnik•computernik•boatnik•popnik34LatinprefixBasicmeaningExamplewordsco-togethercoauthor,coedit,coheirde-away,offdebone,defrost,deplanedis-not,notanydisbelief,discomfort,discreditinter-between,amonginternational,intertwine,interjectnon-notnonessential,nonmetallic35LatinprefixBasicmeaningExamplewordspost-afterpostdate,postwar,postnasalpre-beforepreconceive,preexist,premeditatere-again;back,backwardrearrange,rebuild,recall,rewritesub-undersubmarine,subsoil,subwaytrans-across,beyond,throughtransatlantic,transpolar36LatinsuffixBasicmeaningExamplewords-able,-ibleformsadjectivesandmeans“capableorworthyof”likable,flexible-ationformsnounsfromverbscreation,civilization,speculation,information-fy,-ifyformsverbsandmeans“tomakeorcausetobecome”purify,acidify,humidify-mentformsnounsfromverbsentertainment,amazement,statement-ty,-ityformsnounsfromadjectivessubtlety,certainty,loyalty,royalty;eccentricity,electricity37GreekprefixBasicmeaningExamplewordsa-,an-withoutamoral,a