第二课英语词类讲解10种英语词类6种英语实词(有实义):名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词4种英语虚词:冠词、介词、连词和感叹词6种英语实词1.名词(noun,缩写式为n)普通名词(commonnoun):是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。luggage,success,traffic专有名词(propernoun):是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须大写。Tom,China,ATaleofTwoCities,March,Saturday可数性:可数名词(countablenouns)&不可数名词(uncountablenouns)①冠词的使用②单复数s/es③谓语动词的搭配*集合类名词:council,government,group,jury,team,family名词的功能:1.主语:Thebagsareinthedesk.2.宾语:Iwashedmyclothesyesterday.3.表语:Thisisagoodbook.4.宾语补足语:Weselectedhimourmonitor.5.介词宾语:Maryliveswithherparents.6.定语:SheisaPartymember.womendoctorsmeetingrooms2.动词(verb)分类:实义动词(行为动词),连系动词,助动词,情态动词基本形式:原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词和现在分词(1)实义动词:及物动词(transitiveverb):He'sreadingamagazine.他正在读一本杂志。(单宾语)MrZhangteachesusEnglish.张老师教我们英语。(双宾语:us是间接宾语,English是直接宾语)不及物动词(intransitiveverb):Thesunrises.Heworkshard.2.动词(verb)(2)连系动词:be动词(is,am,are,was,were,have/hasbeen)感官系动词(feel,smell,taste,look,sound):后面一般加形容词变化系动词(become,get,grow,turn):后面一般加形容词2.动词(verb)(3)助动词:最常用的助动词有:be,have,do,shall,will,should,would1)助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用2)助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,a.表示时态,Hehasgotmarried.b.表示语态,HewassenttoEngland.c.构成疑问句,Doyoulikecollegelife?d.与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,Idon'tlikehim.e.加强语气,Hedidknowthat.2.动词(verb)(4)情态动词:情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,但要与动词原形一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等。must,can(could),may(might),shall(should),will(would),need,dare,have(had,has)to,usedto①只做情态动词:must,can(could),may(might),shall(should),will(would)②可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need,dare③具有情态动词特征:have(had,has)to,usedto3.形容词(adjective,adj)用来表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词称为形容词以-able,-al,-ful,-ish,-less,-ous,-y等后缀结尾的词功能:1.定语:Thehighpricesurprisedhim.Shetoldussomethinginteresting.(后置定语)enoughfood,beautifulenough2.表语:Thesunwashot.3.补语:Theyfindthebookquiteinteresting.4.主语或宾语:Therichlikelivinginthecountryside.5.状语:Wetorfine,hegotupatsixandtookawalkinthepark.(=Whetheritwaswetorfine,hegotupatsixandtookawalkinthepark.3.形容词(adjective)用来表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词称为形容词以-able,-al,-ful,-ish,-less,-ous,-y等后缀结尾的词-ed人的感受:tired,tiring;amazed,amazing;fascinated,fascinating;Iwasamazedatthevarietyofwonderfulanimals.-ing引发情感的事物或人:It’sanabsolutelyamazingcitytovisit.Exercise1:-ed,-ing:1.Iwasreally_____(please)whenIopenedmypresentbecauseitwasjustwhatIwanted.2.ThejunglewasfullofstrangenoisesandIfelt____(frighten)duringthewholetrip.3.Havingawarmbathcanbevery_____(relax)afterexercise.4.Mytripthroughthejunglewasthemost_____(excite)AdventureI’veeverhad.Ican’twaittogoback.注意:一.以-ly结尾的形容词1)friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。2)有些以-ly结尾既为形容词,也为副词。daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,earlyTheTimesisadailypaper.TheTimesispublisheddaily.二.用形容词表示类别和整体某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:thedead,theliving,therich,thepoor,theblind,thehungry三.多个形容词修饰名词的顺序限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)--出处--材料性质,类别--名词asmallroundtable;atallgraybuilding;adirtyoldbrownshirt;afamousGermanmedicalschool形容词的比较等级一.原级1)as…as2)notas(so)…as3)数词+times+as+原级+as二.比较级1)形容词比较级的构成:1.单音节形容词后加-er,以不发音的e结尾加-r:2.short----shorternice----nicer2.辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词,改y为i加-er:heavy----heavierhappy—happier3.末尾是元辅结构,且重读,双写末尾的辅音字母再加-er:big----biggerhot----hotter4.部分双音节词和多音节词在前面加more:athletic----moreathletic5.部分形容词不规则变化:good----better形容词不规则变化:原级比较级goodwellbadbadlyillmanymuchlittlefarbetterworsemorelessfarther/further形容词的比较等级二.比较级的用法1)比较级+than2)比较级+and+比较级,moreandmore+原级3)the+比较级,the+比较级4)the+比较级+ofthetwo…形容词的比较等级三.最高级1.形容词最高级的构成:1)单音节形容词后加-est,以不发音的e结尾加-st:2)short----shortestnice----nicest2.辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词,改y为i加-est:heavy----heaviesthappy—happiest3.末尾是元辅结构,且重读,双写末尾的辅音字母再加-est:big----biggesthot----hottest4.部分双音节词和多音节词在前面加themost:athletic----themostathletic5.部分形容词不规则变化:good----best形容词的比较等级二.最高级的用法1)三者或三者以上比较,用the+最高级+名词+范围Thisisthecleanestplaceofthecity.2)表示“最…之一”,用“onofthe+形容词最高级+名词复数”ThisisoneofthemostinterestingbooksthatI’veeverread.一、形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成1、规则变化构成方法原级比较级最高级单音节词和少数多音节词一般在词尾加-er/ə/或-est/ist/coldcoldercoldestfastfasterfastest以字母e结尾的形容词,加-r或-stnicenicernicestlargelargerlargest重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母时,应先双写辅音字母;再加-es或-estbigbiggerbiggesthothotterhottest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,先改“+y”结尾的双音节词,先改“y”为“i”,再加-er或-esteasyeasiereasiestearlyearlierearliest多音节词和部分双音节词在词前加more或mosttiredmoretiredmosttiredeasilymoreeasilymosteasily原级比较级最高级good/wellbetterbestbad/badly/illworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfartherfarthestfurtherfurthestoldolderoldesteldereldest形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成2、不规则变化4.副词(Adverb,adv)副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等单词或短语,以说明动作性质或状态的特征的词(1)一般副词主要分为以下几种:①时间副词,如:today,now,tomorrow,for3minutes②地点副词,如:here,there,above,outside③方式副词,如:hard,well,badly,fast,slowly④程度副词,如:very,quite,much,still,almost⑤频率副词,如:often,always,sometimes,never(2)疑问副词(放在特殊疑问句的句首),如:how,when,where,why(3)关系副词(放在定语从句句首),如:when,where,why(4)连接副词(放在名词从句句首),如:how,when,where,why,whether功能:1.作状语:a.Youshouldalwaysreviewyourlessons.b.Thevisitorsarewarmlywelcomedbythestudents.c.Certainlyweshouldtryoutbesttoimproveourwork.2.作表语:a.Heisabroad.b.Theclassisover.c.Thefootballmatchison.3.作定语:a.Heturnedtheradiodownsothatheshouldn’tdisturbtheoldladydownstairs.(后置定语)4.作补语a.IfoundallthelightsonwhenIgothomelastnight.形容词、副词比较等级①有些词的比较级和最高级有两种不同形式,意义上也有所不同,如:older/oldest(比较老/最老的)