Grammar情态动词的语法特征1)情态动词不能单独做谓语,除ought和have外,后面只能接不带to的不定式。2)情态动词没有人称,数的变化,但有些情态动词,如can、will也有一般式和过去式的变化。3)不少情况下,情态动词的现在式形式和过去式形式都可用来表示现在时间、过去时间和将来时间。只作情态动词的can/could,may/might,oughtto,must可情态可实义的need,dare可情态可助动词的shall/should,will/would相当于情态动词的haveto,usedto1)can的主要用法是:A.表示体力或脑力的能力:eg.Thegirlcandanceverywell.B.表示说话的推测﹑事物的可能性等(否定、疑问)e.g.Canthenewsbetrue?Hecan’tbeintheclassroomnow,forthelightisout.C.在口语中,can可以表示请求或允许:eg.CanIsithere?can和could:2)could的主要用法是:A.could是can的过去式,表示与过去有关的能力和推测:e.g.Weallknewthattheyoungmancouldn’tbeadoctor.B.could可以代替can表示请求,但语气较can客气、委婉:e.g.Couldyoulendmeyourdictionary?CouldIuseyourbike?3)can和could接动词的完成形式。couldhavedone:表示本可能做某事却没做。(有惋惜、遗憾或委婉批评之意,也可以表示对过去动作的推测)e.g.a.Youcouldhavedonebetter,butyoudidn’ttryyourbest.b.Thisglassiscracked.Someonecouldhavedroppeditcan’t/couldn’thavedone:用于否定句时表否定推断,推测肯定没做;用于疑问句时意为“难道真的做了吗”,表示怀疑。e.g.Theycan'thavegoneoutbecausethelightisstillon.Canhehavedonesuchafoolishthing?can'thavedone的语气比couldn'thavedone要强一些以could或would提问时,不能再以could或would作答,而应该用can或will。如:—CouldIborrowyourdictionary?—Yes,ofcourseyoucan.may和might:may常用来表示:A.表示请求、允许;比can较为正式:e.g.MayIcomein?Youmaygonow.B.表示说话人的猜测:“也许”“可能”:通常只用于肯定句和否定句中。e.g.--IbelievethemanisfromEngland.--ButImaybewrong.Theguestmayarrivethisafternoon.在肯定句中,may表示现实的可能性,多表示主观的推测,can表示理论上的可能性。如:Theroadmaybeblocked.这条路可能堵车了。Theroadcanbeblocked.这条路可能会堵车。在疑问句中,表示可能性用can。如:Wherecanhebe?他会在哪呢?C.表示祝愿;但语气较正式:e.g.Mayyousucceed!Mayyouhaveagoodjourney!might的用法有:might表示现在的请求时,语气比may委婉,一般用于疑问句(包括间接疑问句),不可用于肯定句或者否定句。如:MightIhaveawordwithyou?我可以和你说句话吗?除了在间接引语中,might一般不表示过去的可能或者许可。如要表示过去的可能可以用could,表示过去的许可可以用was(were)allowedtomight表示现在的可能,其可能性要比may小。如:e.g.Shemightgohometomorrow.说不定他明天会回家。will和would:will是助动词或是情态动词?will用于构成将来时是助动词。用于表示“意志”“决心”“请求”是情态动词。e.g.Shewillgivehimanythinghewants.Dowhatyouwill.1.表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性等,意为“经常,惯于,总是”。e.g.Marywillreadforhoursatatime.2.在疑问句中用于第二人称,提出请求或询问。e.g.Ifyouwanthelp,letmeknow,willyou?如果你需要帮助,让我知道,好吗?3.表示命令或允诺。e.g.Theywillgetenoughmoneyfromme.YouwilldoasItoldyou.3.would比will客气委婉。e.g.:Wouldyouhelpus,please?请您帮助我们,好吗?I’dgotherewithyou.我要和你一块到那儿去。wouldyoulike…I’dliketo…(表请求)(表意愿)would表示过去的习惯,后接动词原形,意为“总是,总会”e.g.Hewouldsitnearthefireforhoursonwinterevenings.e.g.WhenIwasachild,Iwouldgoswimmingwithotherchildreninsummer.shall和should:1.shall用于构成将来时是助动词。shall用于征求对方的意见,表示“决心”是情态动词。e.g.:PerhapsIshallpayavisittoEnglandthiswinter.可能今年冬天我会去英国观光。(构成一般将来时,助动词)Shallwegobytrain,Mom?妈妈,我们乘火车去好吗?Shalltheywaithereoroutside?(用于征求对方的意见,情态动词)Ishallgoatonce.我必须立即去。(表“决心”,情态动词)shall可以用于第一、三人称的疑问句,表示征求意见或许可;还可用于第二、三人称的陈述句中,表示允诺、警告、命令或威胁等。如:Youshallbepunishedifyoubreaktherule.Youshallfailifyoudon’tworkharder.HeshallhavethebookwhenIfinishreading.2.should表示义务、建议、劝告,意为“应该”。“should+have+过去分词”表示本应该在过去做但没有做。eg:Youshouldkeepyourpromise.你应该遵守诺言。Sheshouldhavepassedtheexam.她应该通过考试的。must和haveto1.must用于一般问句中,肯定回答用must否定式用needn’t或don’thaveto,做“不必”,mustn’t表示“禁止,不允许”—MustIfinishallassignmentsatatime?—Yes,youmust.—No,youneedn't.Idon’tlikethisTVset.Wemustbuyanewone.Therewasnomorebus.Theyhadtowalkhome.2.表示“必须”这个意思时,must和haveto稍有区别。must着重说明主观看法,haveto强调客观需要。另外,haveto能用于更多时态。Youmustbethenewteacher.Hemustbejoking.Thereisnobodyhere.Theymusthaveallgonehome.3.must表示对某人某事的猜测,作“准是”,“一定”,一般用于肯定句中。对过去发生的事情作肯定判断用musthavedoneHemustcomeandworryherwithquestion,justwhenshewasbusycookingthedinner.4.must表示“偏要,硬要”,指做令人不快的事情can/could,may/might,should和must都可表示肯定的推测。must表示比较肯定的语气;can/could表示客观可能性;should表示确定或可能有的未来或期待;may表示推测时,其语气不肯定;might语气更弱,表示某事实际发生的可能性。如:Ithinktheoldwomanmustbeaniceperson.Therescueteamshouldarriveby5o’clockthisafternoon.Advertisementscanbequitedangerous.Thenewcomermaybedismissedbythecompany.could,might,would,should都可表示委婉语气。如:Iwonderifyoucouldletmeuseyourcellphone.MightIknowyourtelephonenumber?2.A:______XiaoFengfindtheoriginofEasterfromthatbook?B:No,he_____________.1.A:______youliketogotoaspecialeventwithusonSaturday?B:Yes,I______________________________.Would’dliketo(gowithyouonSaturday)Couldcouldn’tfinditExercise3.A:_____Igowithmyfriendtotheharvestfestival?B:Yes,you_________________________.4.A:IfIwanttobeadoctor_______Istudyscience?B:Yes,you__________________.shouldstudyscienceMaymaygo(withyourshouldfriends)5.A:Heisveryhandsome.____heplaytheroleoftheprince?B:No,he_____________________________.can’tplaytheroleoftheCanprince1.—IthinkI’llgiveBobaringlaterintheweek.—You_____.Youhaven’tbeenintouchwithhimforages.A.willB.mayC.havetoD.shouldD练习坊I.Choosethecorrectanswer.2.John,lookatthetime._____youplaythepianoatsuchalatehour?A.MustB.CanC.MayD.ShouldA3.There_____anydifficultyaboutpassingtheroadtestsinceyouhavepracticedalotinthedrivingschool.A.mustn’tbeB.shan’thaveC.shouldn’tbeD.needn’thaveC4.TheWorldWideWebissometimesjokinglycalledtheWorldWideWaitbecauseit______beveryslow.A.ShouldB.mustC.willD.can5.Helen_____goonthetripwithus,butsheisn’tquitesureyet.A.shallB.mustC.mayD.canDC6.—Someoneisknockingatthedoor._____itbeVenis?—No,it_____beher;sheleftforNewYorkthismorning.A.Can;mustn’tB.Might;can’tC.May;doesn’tD.Can;can’tD7.Mikepromisedhisdoctorhe_____notdrink,andhehasneverdrunk