英美文学-英语诗歌修辞手法简介Figures-of-speech

FiguresofspeechInPoetryDefinitionFiguresofspeechareformsofexpressionthatdepartfromnormalwordorsentenceorderorfromthecommonliteralmeaningsofwords,forthepurposeofachievingaspecialeffect.thechieffunctionsoffiguresofspeechtoembellish,toemphasizeortoclarify.togivetoneoratmospheretodiscourse,toprovidevividexamplestostimulatethoughttogivelifetoinanimateobjects,toamuse,ortoornament.WordsareeitherliteralorfigurativeLiteral原意Wordsusedintheiroriginalmeaningsareusedliterally.Figurative比喻义Wordsusedinextendedmeaningsforthepurposeofmakingcomparisonsorcallinguppicturesinthereader’sorlistener’smindareusedfiguratively.colourfulIn“acolourfulgarden”thewordcolourfulisusedinitsliteralsensetodescribethemanydifferentcoloursoftheflowersin“acolourfullife”or“acolourfulcareer”thewordisusedinitsfigurativesensebecauseneitherlifeorcareerhasanycolour.FiguresofSpeech(2)1.simile2.metaphor3.personification4.metonymy借喻/转喻5.Synecdoche提喻法6.Antonomasia7.euphemism8.Hyperbole9.litotes10.Antithesis11.Paradox12.Oxymoron13.Epigram14.Apostrophe15.rhetoricalquestion16.Irony17.Sarcasm18.Satire19.Ridicule20.Innuendo21.Parody22.Climax23.Anti-climax24.Alliteration25.Assonance半韵26.Onomatopoeia27.Transferredepithet28.Pun29.Parallelism30.RepetitionMajorfiguresofspeechinpoetrySimile直喻Simileisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon.Metaphor暗喻Ametaphor,likeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.ExamplesShehasafacethat'sasroundasthemoon.Timeflieslikeanarrow.Yourunlikearabbit.Lifeisayo-yo.It'saseriesofupsanddowns.Alltheworld'sastage,Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.---------ShakespeareTheRimeoftheAncientMarinerHerlipswerered,herlookswerefree,Herlockswereyellowasgold.Herskinwaswhiteasleprosy,TheNightmareLife-in-Deathwasshe,Whothicksman'sbloodwithcold.SamuelTaylorColeridge她嘴唇腥红，姿色妖艳，缕缕秀发如金子般耀眼：皮肤却似麻风病人般苍白，她是一个死中之生的梦魇，使人血液凝冻，毛骨悚然TheWaningMoonByPercyShelleyAndlikeadyinglady,leanandpale,Whotottersforth,wrappedinagauzyveil,Outofherchamber,ledbytheinsaneAndfeeblewanderingsofherfadingbrain,Themoonaroseupinthemurkyeast,Awhiteandshapelessmass.宛若濒死的女人，清瘦苍白，步态蹒跚，淡淡轻纱遮掩，逸出闺阁，由退化中的大脑引领疯狂虚弱漫游苍天，虚白无形聚集一团，残月在阴暗的东方升冉。MixedmetaphorsOnedangerinusingmetaphorsisthepossibilityofbeginningwithonecomparisonandendingwithanotherThisiscalledamixedmetaphor（混合隐喻；多重隐喻）Allegory寓言;讽喻Allegory:anarrativethatservesasanextendedmetaphor.Allegoriesarewrittenintheformoffables,parables,poems,stories,andalmostanyotherstyleorgenre.Anallegoryisacompletenarrativethatconveysabstractideastogetapointacross.BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeathbyEmilyDickinsonBecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath—Hekindlystoppedforme—TheCarriageheldbutjustOurselves-AndImmortality.因为我不能停下来等待死神他便好心地停下来等我——那辆车上只载我们两个——以及永生。我们慢慢驱车——他不慌不忙我也把我的劳与闲统统丢掉一边，为了他的礼让——……离那时已是几个世纪却仿佛过了还不到一天，我首次猜测到，马头在朝向永恒奔窜。Weslowlydrove--HeknewnohasteAndIhadputawayMylaborandmyLeisuretoo,ForHisCivility--…Sincethen--’tisCenturies--andyetFeelsshorterthantheDayIfirstsurmisedtheHorses’HeadsWeretowardEternity--Hyperbole:Hyperboleisafigureofspeechinwhichexaggerationisusedtoemphasizeapoint,tocreatehumor,ortoachievesomesimilareffects.Shewasscaredtodeath.Itoldyouathousandtimesthatyoushouldn’tbehavelikethat.Belindasmiled,andalltheworldwasgay.(Pope)Herbeautymadethebrightworlddim.(Shelly)Ihaveaseaoftrouble.WhenIhearyournameMycompulsionistoblastdowneverywallwhenIhearyournameI’dpaintedonallthehouses,Therewouldn’tbeawellIhadn’tleanedintoToshoutyournamethere…MycompulsionisToteachthebirdstosingit,Toteachthefishtodrinkit…Godwillsentencemetorepeatingitendlesslyandforever.personificationBydefinition,personificationisafigureofspeechwhichattributeshumanqualitiestoinanimateobjectsorabstractideas.Itiscloselyrelatedtometaphorandissometimescalledpersonalmetaphor.Therearethreechiefkindsofpersonifications:1)Thatproducedbytheuseofadjectives.theblushingrose;thethirstyground2)Thatproducedbytheuseofverbs.thekettlesings;thewavesdanced3)Thatproducedbytheuseofnouns.thesmilesofspring;thewhisperofleavese.g.Thewindwhistlethroughthetrees.Thunderroaredandapouringrainstarted.Iwatchedthemoonlightdancingontheripplesofthelake.Theancientmansionspoketomeofbygonedays.Thegentlebreezecaressedmycheeksandsoothedmyanger.TheWindbyJamesStephensThewindstoodupandgaveashout.HewhistledonhisfingersandKickedthewitheredleavesaboutAndthumpedthebrancheswithhishandAndsaidthathe'dkillandkill,Andsohewillandsohewill.Metonymy借代Thesubstitutionofanounforanothercloselyassociatednoun.Thesubstitutednounderives（获得）itsmeaninginthecontextitisusedbytheassociationproducedinthereadersmind.ExampleofmetonymyIncontemporaryEnglishwhenwespeakofastatementfromthe“WhiteHouse”weunderstandthatthisisnotatalkingbuilding,butanofficialcommunicationwiththeauthorityofthePresidentoftheUnitedStateswholivesintheWhiteHouse.A.Namesofpersons1.JohnBull:2.UncleSam:3.Ivan:4.JohnDoe:England,ortheEnglishpeopleTheUnitedStatesofAmericatheRussianpeopleordinaryAmericancitizenThealarmw