NomenclatureofOrganicCompounds有机化合物的命名1.NomenclatureofHydrocarbons:(烃类命名法)NumberPrefix(数字前缀):总碳数≤10时甲:meth-壬:nona-乙:eth-癸:deca-丙:prop-丁:buta-戊:penta-己:hexa-庚:hepta-辛:octa-总碳数10时:一:hen(i)-;二:do-;三:tri(a)-;四:tetra-…10.deca-20:eicosa-30:triaconta-11:undeca,hendeca-21:heneicosa-31:hentriaconta-12:dodeca-22:docosa-40:tetraconta-13:trideca-23:tricosa-50:pentaconta-14:tetradeca-24:tetracosa-60:hexaconta-15:pentadeca-25:pentacosa-70:heptaconta-16:hexadeca-26:hexacosa-80:octaconta-17:heptadeca-27:heptacosa-90:nonaconta-18:octadeca-28:octacosa-19:nonadeca-29:nonacosa-表示取代基相对位置的字头:iso-异;cis-顺;trans-反neo-新;primary伯o-(ortho-)邻;secondary仲sec-m-(meta-)间;tertiary叔tert-p-(para-)对;烷烃(alkane)命名:数字头+-ane(以a结尾的数字头直接加-ne)甲烷:methane;癸烷:decane;庚烷:heptane;十三烷:tridecane十四烷:tetradecane十五烷:pentadecane二十烷:(e)icosane二十一烷:heneicosane二十二烷:docosane三十烷:triacontane三十一烷:hentriacontane四十烷:tetracontane五十烷:pentacontane六十烷:hexacontane七十烷:heptacontane八十烷:octacontane九十烷:nonacontane1)AliphaticHydrocarbons(FattyHydrocarbons,脂肪烃)例:Heneicosane烯烃(alkene)命名:数字头+-ene(以a结尾的数字头去a加-ene.)多烯的命名:二烯类:数字头+-diene三烯类:数字头+-triene例:乙烯:ethene;丁烯:butene;丁二烯:butadiene;丁三烯:butatriene炔烃(alkyne)命名:数字头+-yne(-ine)(以a结尾的数字头去a加-yne.)多炔的命名:二炔类:数字头+-diyne三炔类:数字头+-triyne例:乙炔:ethyne/acetylene(俗名)丁炔:butyne;己二炔:hexadiyne/hexadiineH3CCH3but-2-ynehexa-2,4-diyneH3Cpropene2-methylbut-2-enehexa-1,3,5-trienebuta-1,3-diene脂环烃(alicyclichydrocarbons)命名:烃类名称前+cyclo-例:环己烷:cyclohexane;环己二烯:cyclohexadiene环辛四烯:cyclooctatetraene烃基(hydrocarbyl)命名:将烃类名称的词尾换为–yl例:甲基:methyl;乙基:ethyl;癸基:decyl;乙烯基:ethenyl;丁烯基:butenyl;乙炔基:ethynyl苯基:phenyl苄基:benzyl支链烃类(hydrocarbonwithbranchedchains)的命名:i).以最长的碳链为主链,从一端向另一端编号,使侧链具有最低编号。如有几个侧链,按侧链取代基字头的英文字母顺序排列。例::5-甲基-4-丙基壬烷5-methyl-4-propylnonaneCH3(CH2)3CHCH(CH2)2CH3H3CCH2CH2CH3CH3CH2CH2CHCH2CHCH2CH2CH2CH3CH3CH2CH34-甲基-6-乙基癸烷6-ethyl-4-methyldecane2,7-二甲基-3-乙基-4-丙基辛烷3-ethyl-2,7-dimethyl-4-propyloctaneCH3CH3CH3CH3C2H5CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH32,4,5-trimethylheptane2,2-dimethylpropane4-isopropyl-5-methyloctane4-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)octaneii).不饱和烃中应使不饱和键的编号最小。如::3-甲基-1-丁烯3-methyl-1-butene或3-methylbut-1-eneCH3CHCHCH2CH3:1,3-丁二烯butadiene或1,3-butadiene或buta-1,3-dieneCH2CH2CHCHCH2CH2CHCCH32-甲基-1,3-丁二烯2-methyl-1,3–butadiene/2-methylbuta-1,3-diene*同时含有双键和三键时,用-enyne结尾。如:3-戊烯-1-炔3-penten-1-yne/pent-3-en-1-yneCH3CHCHCCH1-己烯-4-炔1-hexen-4-yne/hex-1-en-4-yneiii)环烃有取代基时,将环作为母体,对取代基进行编号。如取代基较复杂,取代基内部可单独编号。如::1-甲基-2-(3-甲基丁基)环己烷1-methyl-2-(3-methylbutyl)cyclohexaneCH3CH2CH2CHCH3CH32)芳香烃(AromaticHydrocarbons):以苯(benzene)作为母体,其它作为取代基。(1-甲基乙基)苯又名:异丙基苯(1-methylethyl)benzene/isopropylbenzeneCH3CH3H3CCHCH3CH31,3,5-三甲苯1,3,5-trimethylbenzene如:o-xylenem-xylenep-xyleneo,m,p-dimethylbenzenebenzeneCH3toluenemethylbenzeneCH3H3CnaphthaleneanthracenenitrobenzeneC2H5ethylbenzeneClchlorobenzeneNO2CHCH2苯乙烯styrenePhenyletheneEthenylbenzeneaniline/benzenamine苯胺CNCyanobenzene苯甲腈OHphenol苯酚NH2当苯环上有两个或多个取代基时,苯环上的编号应符合最低原则。而当应用最低系列原则无法确定那一种编号优先时,与烷烃的情况一样,中文命名时应让顺序规则中较小的基团位次尽可能小,英文命名时,应按英文字母顺序,让字母排在前面的基团位次尽可能小。例如:CH2CH3CH2CH2CH3123456H3CCH3CH2CH3CH3CH24甲基2乙基1丙基苯2ethyl4methyl1propylbenzene1甲基3,5二乙基苯1,3diethyl5methylbenzene常见官能团的词头、词尾名称CNNO2NOcyano-nitro-nitroso-importantsubstituentsOHORhydroxy-alkoxy-(C1-C4methoxy,ethoxy,Propoxy,butoxy;C5pentyloxy-decyloxy)X(X=F,Cl,Br,I)fluoro-,chloro-,bromo-,iodo-Ralkyl-NH2amino-ClO2N对硝基氯苯p-nitrochlorobenzeneOHCOOH间羟基苯甲酸m-hydroxybenzoicacidCHOHONH22-氨基-5-羟基苯甲醛2-amino-5-hydroxybenzaldehydeClSO3HNO25-硝基-2-氯苯磺酸2-chloro-5-nitrobenzenesulfonicacid2.其它有机物的命名:*首先选择主要的官能团。在IUPAC规定的官能团顺序中,位置在前的官能团优先,可作为主要的官能团,其余的作为取代基。IUPAC官能团顺序:1)游离基;2)阳离子化合物;3)中性配位化合物;4)阴离子化合物;5)酸;6)酰卤;7)酰胺;8)腈;9)醛(硫醛);10)酮(硫酮);11)醇、酚(硫醇、硫酚);12)过氧化物;13)胺;14)亚胺;15)~26)为元素有机化合物,顺序为:N,P,As,Sb,Bi,B,Si,Ge,Sn,Pb,O,S;27)碳环化合物及无环烃类;28)卤化物中的卤素。系统命名是以骨架名称加上主要官能团的词尾,再在前面加上取代基的字头和定位号。5-羟基-2-戊酮5-hydroxy-2-pentanoneCH3CCH2CH2CH2OHO如:1)卤化物(Halogenide,Halide)的命名:在相应的烃的名称前+“卤代”fluoro-氟代(fluorine氟)chloro-氯代(chlorine氯)bromo-溴代(bromine溴)iodo-碘代(iodine碘)例H3CCClCH3CH32-氯-2-甲基丙烷2-chloro-2-methylpropane*一些俗名:氯仿,chloroform;溴仿,bromoform;氟利昂,FreonCCl2F2溴甲基苯bromomethylbenzene1,2-二溴乙烷,1,2-dibromoethaneCH2BrBrCH2CH2Br2)醇、酚、醚(Alcohol,Phenol,Ether)的命名:*醇、酚:在相应的烃的名称后,去“-e”加“-ol”。如果是二醇或三醇,则须加“-diol”或“-triol”(不去“-e”)。例:CH3COHCH3CH32-甲基-2-丙醇2-methyl-2-propanol(2-methylpropan-2-ol)例:CH3CHCCH2OHCH2CH32-乙基-2-丁烯-1-醇2-ethyl-2-buten-1-ol(2-ethyl-but-2-en-1-ol)HOCH2CH2OH1,2-乙二醇,1,2-ethanediol(ethane-1,2-diol)CH2CHCH2OHOHOH1,2,3-丙三醇,1,2,3-propanetriol(俗称甘油,glycerin)*当羟基位于侧链时,侧链上的羟基可作取代基处理。取代基形式的羟基用“hydroxy-”表示。2-羟基-1-环己烷羧酸2-hydroxy-1-cyclohexanecarboxylicacidCOOHOHHOCH2CH2CHCH2OHCH2OH2-羟甲基-1,4-丁二醇2-hydroxymethyl-1,4-butanediolHOOH1,4-苯二酚1,4-benzenediolHOOHOH1,2,4-苯三酚1,2,4-benzenetriol例:*醚的命名:将较简单的烷类与氧原子一起作为取代基命名。烷氧基名称:烷基字头+“-oxy”。乙基乙烯基醚ethoxyethene甲基苯基醚methoxybenzene环己基苯基醚cyclohexyloxybenzeneCH3CH2OCHCH2CH3OO例:低于五个碳的烷氧基的英文名称将烷基词尾“yl”省略*环醚:以烃基为母体,在前面加上“epoxy-”,并且标出与氧原子相连的碳原子的编号。CH3CHCH2O1,2-环氧丙烷,1,2-epoxypropaneCH2CH2CH2O1,3-环氧丙烷,1,3-epoxypropaneCH2CH2CH2CH2O1,4-环氧丁烷1,4-epoxybutane;俗名:四氢呋喃tetrahydrofuran(THF)3)羧酸(CarboxylicAcid)的命名:•命名法1: