Generalization

LectureThreeMakingGeneralizationsGeneralizationLevelsofcultureStereotypeDefinitionThreeessentialaspectsTypesFunctionsPrejudiceEthnocentralismAttitudesofculturalsuperiorityWhatdoyouthinkofAmerican?WhatareyourimagesofAmericans?Pleasetrytodescribewithadjectives.Doyouthinktheseare“accurate”perceptionsof“AmericanPeople”?Whatimagesmightyouneedtoadd?Patriotic,arrogant,easy-going,hospitable,frank,smart,stubborn,etc.Warm-upQuestionsWhatisyourimpression/imageofpeoplefromothernations/minorities/provincesinourowncountry?sayAmericanKoreanItalianFrenchArabJapan…GeneralizationWhenpeoplehavelittleinformationaboutagroupofpeopletheyarelikelytothinkoftheminaverygeneralway.Weallmakegeneralizations.1.Somegeneralizationsaretoobroad,out-of-date,orinaccurateexamplesGeneralization2.Somegeneralizationsincludepositiveornegativejudgments.Somegeneralizationsarereliableforitstimeandforitsintendedaudience,butitisn’tnecessarilyreliableforalltimeandforallaudiences.examplesToavoidovergeneralization,payattentiontolevelsofcultureAnationallevelaccordingtoone’scountryAregionaland/orethnicand/orlinguisticaffiliation(联系)level,asmostnationsarecomposedofculturallydifferentregionsand/orethicand/orreligiousand/orlanguagegroups.Agenderlevel,accordingtowhetherapersonwasbornasagirlorasaboyAgenerationlevel,whichseparatesgrandparentsfromparentsfromchildrenAsocialclasslevelassociatedwitheducationalopportunitiesandwithaperson’soccupationorprofession.-----GreetHofstedeCultureandOrganization1991Stereotype(刻板印象)Wegeneralizeeverydayjusttomakesenseofourdailyexperience.Ageneralizationthatgoesbeyondtheexistingevidence,aninaccurateorovergeneralizationisastereotype.“Astereotypeisanoversimplifiedpictureoftheworld,onethatsatisfiesaneedtoseetheworldasmoreunderstandablethanitreallyis.”Lippman(1922)Afixedimpressionofagroupofpeoplethroughwhichwethenperceivespecificindividualsisastereotype.􀂄Ifweusethecharacteristicsofaparticularpersonandgeneralizeittothewholegroup,thenwearestereotyping.Stereotypes--ThreeEssentialAspects1)Wecategorizeothersbasedoneasilyidentifiablecharacteristics.􀂄Wemakeageneralizationaboutagroupofpeople.2)Weassumethatcertainattributes（特征）applytomostorallofthepeopleinthecategory.􀂄Wemakeassertions(断言)aboutthecharacteristicsofallpeoplewhobelongtothatcategory.3)Weassumethatindividualmembersofthecategoryhavetheattributesassociatedwiththegroup.􀂄Wefailtotakeintoaccountdifferencesamongthemembersofthegroup.StereotypesasSocialCategoriesConception（观念）ofthecharacterofagroup--sharedbymembersofin-group--concerningmembersofout-groupFunctionsofsocialstereotypes--Reduceeffortinimpression-formation--Inferunobservedfeatures--Predictpastandfuturebehaviors--Emotionalprejudice--BehaviordiscriminationGenderstereotypeTherearealsosomecommonstereotypesofmenandwomen,suchas:Menarestronganddoallthework.Womenaren'tassmartasaman.Girlsarenotgoodatsports.Guysaremessyandunclean.Boystendtogetaddictedtocomputergameseasily.examplesCulturestereotypeAllwhiteAmericansareobese(肥胖),lazy,anddim-witted.AllMexicansarelazyandcameintoAmericaillegally.AllArabsandMuslimsareterrorists.Canadiansareboring.ItalianorFrenchpeoplearethebestlovers.Africansarepoor.AllJewsaregreedy.AllAsiansaregoodatmath.AllAsiansliketoeatriceanddriveslow.AllIrishpeoplearedrunks.AllAmericansaregenerallyconsideredtobefriendly,generous,andtolerant,butalsoarrogant,impatient,anddomineering（极权的）.ToobroadOutofdateInaccurateStereotypesSomearenegativeexamplesWhatareotherstereotypes?HometownorregionEthnicgroupReligionFamilybackgroundMajorfieldofstudyMoreexamplesTheStereotypeStereotypeandPrejudiceStereotype:Ageneralizationthatgoesbeyondtheexistingevidence,aninaccurateorovergeneralization,isastereotype.Prejudice:Stereotypesthatincludenegativefeelingsandattitudestowardagroupareprejudices.Negativeattitudesdirectedtowardgroups,especiallyracialandreligiousgroups,thatareformedbyhighlypersonalandunreasonedgeneralizationsaboutallormostmembersofthegroupareprejudices.PrejudicePrejudiceisanegativefeelingbaseduponfaultyandinflexiblegeneralizations.Strongprejudicesaresometimesdescribedasracism（种族主义）,sexism（男性至上主义）,ageism（对老年人的歧视）andextremenationalism（民族主义）.PrejudiceThewordprejudiceismostoftenusedtorefertopreconceived（预想的）,usuallyunfavorableorcritical,judgmentstowardpeopleorapersonbecauseofgender,socialclass,age,disability,religion,sexuality,race/ethnicity,nationalityorotherpersonalcharacteristics.--FromWikipediaStereotypePrejudiceAstereotypeinvolvesaperson’sthinkingAprejudiceincludesnegativefeelingaswellasnegativebeliefsaboutmembersofagroup.PrejudiceTakesmanyformsFormsofPrejudice12345SymbolicprejudiceSevereprejudiceTokenism(象征主义)ReallikesanddislikesSubtleprejudice6PreferenceforthefamiliarFormsofPrejudice1.SevereprejudiceSomepeoplebelievethatmembersofaparticulargroupareinferioraccordingtosomestandard.SexismThetermsexismisgenerallylinkedtonegativefemalesentimentsthatderivefromthebeliefthatfemalesareworthlessorlesscapablethanmales.RacismRacismisdefinedas“thebeliefthatracesexist,thatphysicalcharact