英语基础教程-ACADEMIC-WRITING---Paraphrasing-and-Summari

ParaphrasingandSummarizingWhatarethey?•PARAPHRASEmeanstousesomeoneelse'sideasinyourownwords.•SUMMARIZEmeanstorecaponlytheessentialpointsofsomeoneelse'swork•Quotingisusingsomeone’sexactwordsAretheyuseful?•Paraphrasingandsummarizingareveryusefulinessaywriting.Theyhelpyoutakegreatercontrolofyouressay.•BUTdonottorelytooheavilyoneitherparaphrasingorsummarizing.Yourideasarewhatmattermost.•Quotationsshouldonlybeusedasalastresort.DONOTusetoomanyquotations.Paraphrasing•Doesnotcopythesourcewordforword•Putsapassagefromasourceintoyourownwordsbychangingthewordsandphrases•Butkeepsandfullycommunicatestheoriginalmeaning•YoumustreferencetheoriginalsourceHowtoparaphrase•Readthesourcecarefully.Itisessentialthatyouunderstanditfully.•Identifythemainpointsandkeywords.•Closetheoriginaltextandrewriteitinyourownwords.Checkthatyouhaveincludedthemainpointsandessentialinformation.•Paraphrasesshouldsoundlikeyourworki.e.usingvocabularyandsentencestructuresthatyourreaderwouldrecognizeasyourwork.•DONOTsimplychangesomewordsbyusingsynonyms.Whentoparaphrase•ParaphraseSHORTsectionsofworkonly;asentenceortwoorashortparagraph.•Asanalternativetoadirectquotation.•Torewritesomeoneelse'sideaswithoutchangingthemeaning.•Toexpresssomeoneelse'sideasinyourownwords.•Tosupportclaimsin,orprovideevidencefor,yourwriting.ExampleofparaphrasingTheoriginalpassage:•Studentsfrequentlyoverusedirectquotationintakingnotes,andasaresulttheyoverusequotationsinthefinal[research]paper.Probablyonlyabout10%ofyourfinalmanuscriptshouldappearasdirectlyquotedmatter.Therefore,youshouldstrivetolimittheamountofexacttranscribingofsourcematerialswhiletakingnotes.Lester,JamesD.WritingResearchPapers.2nded.(1976):46-47.Acceptableparaphrase:•Inresearchpapersstudentsoftenquoteexcessively,failingtokeepquotedmaterialdowntoadesirablelevel.Sincetheproblemusuallyoriginatesduringnotetaking,itisessentialtominimizethematerialrecordedverbatim(Lester46-47).Summarizing•Doesnotmatchthesourcewordforword•Putsthemainideasintoyourownwords,butincludesonlythemainpoints•Presentsanoverview,soisusuallymuchshorterthantheoriginaltext•MustbereferencedtotheoriginalsourceHowtosummarize•Theamountofdetailyouincludeinasummarywillvaryaccordingtothelengthoftheoriginaltext,howmuchinformationyouneedandhowselectiveyouare:•Startbyreadingashorttextandhighlightingthemainpointsasyouread.•Rereadthetextandmakenotesofthemainpoints,leavingoutexamples,evidenceetc.•Withoutthetext,rewriteyournotesinyourownwords;restatethemainideaatthebeginningplusallmajorpoints.Whentosummarize•SummarizeLONGsectionsofwork,likealongparagraph,pageorchapter.•Tooutlinethemainpointsofsomeoneelse'sworkinyourownwords,withoutthedetailsorexamples.•Toincludeanauthor'sideasusingfewerwordsthantheoriginaltext.•Tobrieflygiveexamplesofseveraldifferingpointsofviewonatopic.•Tosupportclaimsin,orprovideevidencefor,yourwriting.Exampleofsummarizing•Theoriginalpassage:•Studentsfrequentlyoverusedirectquotationintakingnotes,andasaresulttheyoverusequotationsinthefinal[research]paper.Probablyonlyabout10%ofyourfinalmanuscriptshouldappearasdirectlyquotedmatter.Therefore,youshouldstrivetolimittheamountofexacttranscribingofsourcematerialswhiletakingnotes.Lester,JamesD.WritingResearchPapers.2nded.(1976):46-47.•Anacceptablesummary:•Studentsshouldtakejustafewnotesindirectquotationfromsourcestohelpminimizetheamountofquotedmaterialinaresearchpaper(Lester46-47).•Aplagiarizedversion:•Studentsoftenusetoomanydirectquotationswhentheytakenotes,resultingintoomanyoftheminthefinalresearchpaper.Infact,probablyonlyabout10%ofthefinalcopyshouldconsistofdirectlyquotedmaterial.Soitisimportanttolimittheamountofsourcematerialcopiedwhiletakingnotes.