Marx马克思英文介绍

KarlMarxFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia(RedirectedfromMarx)Marxredirectshere.Forotheruses,seeMarx(disambiguation).KarlMarxMarxin1875BornKarlHeinrichMarx5May1818Trier,KingdomofPrussia,GermanConfederationDied14March1883(aged64)London,UnitedKingdomResidenceGermany,UnitedKingdomNationalityGermanEra19th-centuryphilosophyRegionWesternPhilosophy,GermanphilosophyReligionProtestantism;later,none(atheist)SchoolMarxism,Communism,Socialism,MaterialismMaininterestsPolitics,economics,philosophy,sociology,labour,history,classstruggle,naturalsciencesNotableideasCo-founderofMarxism(withEngels),surplusvalue,contributionstothelabortheoryofvalue,classstruggle,alienationandexploitationoftheworker,TheCommunistManifesto,DasKapital,materialistconceptionofhistoryInfluencedby[show]Influenced[show]SignatureKarlHeinrichMarx(Germanpronunciation:[kaːlˈhaɪnʀɪçˈmaːks],5May1818–14March1883)wasaGermanphilosopher,economist,sociologist,historian,journalist,andrevolutionarysocialist.Marx'sworkineconomicslaidthebasisforthecurrentunderstandingoflabouranditsrelationtocapital,andhasinfluencedmuchofsubsequenteconomicthought.[4][5][6][7]Hepublishednumerousbooksduringhislifetime,themostnotablebeingTheCommunistManifesto(1848)andDasKapital(1867–1894).Bornintoawealthymiddle-classfamilyinTrierinthePrussianRhineland,MarxstudiedattheUniversityofBonnandtheUniversityofBerlin,wherehebecameinterestedinthephilosophicalideasoftheYoungHegelians.Afterhisstudies,hewroteforaradicalnewspaperinCologne,andbegantoworkouthistheoryofdialecticalmaterialism.HemovedtoParisin1843,wherehebeganwritingforotherradicalnewspapersandmetFredrickEngels,whowouldbecomehislifelongfriendandcollaborator.In1849hewasexiledandmovedtoLondontogetherwithhiswifeandchildrenwherehecontinuedwritingandformulatinghistheoriesaboutsocialandeconomicactivity.HealsocampaignedforsocialismandbecameasignificantfigureintheInternationalWorkingmen'sAssociation.Marx'stheoriesaboutsociety,economicsandpolitics–collectivelyknownasMarxism–holdthathumansocietiesprogressthroughclassstruggle:aconflictbetweenanownershipclassthatcontrolsproductionandadispossessedlabouringclassthatprovidesthelabourforproduction.Hecalledcapitalismthedictatorshipofthebourgeoisie,believingittoberunbythewealthyclassesfortheirownbenefit;andhepredictedthat,likeprevioussocioeconomicsystems,capitalismproducedinternaltensionswhichwouldleadtoitsself-destructionandreplacementbyanewsystem:socialism.Hearguedthatclassantagonismsundercapitalismbetweenthebourgeoisieandproletariatwouldeventuateintheworkingclass'conquestofpoliticalpowerintheformofadictatorshipoftheproletariatandeventuallyestablishaclasslesssociety,socialismorcommunism,asocietygovernedbyafreeassociationofproducers.[8][9]Alongwithbelievingintheinevitabilityofsocialismandcommunism,Marxactivelyfoughtfortheirimplementation,arguingthatsocialtheoristsandunderprivilegedpeoplealikeshouldcarryoutorganisedrevolutionaryactiontotopplecapitalismandbringaboutsocio-economicchange.[10]Marxhasbeendescribedasoneofthemostinfluentialfiguresinhumanhistory.[11][12]RevolutionarysocialistgovernmentsespousingMarxistconceptstookpowerinavarietyofcountriesinthe20thcentury,leadingtotheformationofsuchsocialiststatesastheSovietUnionin1922andthePeople'sRepublicofChinain1949.Manylabourunionsandworkers'partiesworldwideareinfluencedbyMarxism,whilevarioustheoreticalvariants,suchasLeninism,Stalinism,Trotskyism,andMaoism,weredevelopedfromthem.Marxistypicallycited,withÉmileDurkheimandMaxWeber,asoneofthethreeprincipalarchitectsofmodernsocialscience.[13]Contents[hide]1Earlylifeo1.1Childhoodandearlyeducation:1818–1835o1.2Hegelianismandearlyactivism:1836–18432Communistagitationo2.1Paris:1843–1845o2.2Brussels:1845–1847o2.3Cologne:1848–18493LifeinLondon4WritingfortheNewYorkTribune5TheFirstInternationalo5.1Personallifeo5.2Death6Thoughto6.1Influenceso6.2Philosophyandsocialthought6.2.1Humannature6.2.2Labour,classstruggle,andfalseconsciousness6.2.3Economy,historyandsociety7Legacyo7.1Marxismo7.2Founderofsocialscience8Selectedbibliography9Seealso10Referenceso10.1Footnoteso10.2Bibliography11Furtherreadingo11.1Biographieso11.2CommentariesonMarx12Externallinkso12.1Bibliographyandonlinetextso12.2ArticlesandentriesEarlylifeChildhoodandearlyeducation:1818–1835KarlHeinrichMarxwasbornon5May1818at664BrückergasseinTrier,atownintheKingdomofPrussia'sProvinceoftheLowerRhine.[14]AncestrallyAshkenaziJewish,hismaternalgrandfatherwasaDutchrabbi,whilehispaternallinehadsuppliedTrier'srabbissince1723,aroletakenbyhisgrandfatherMeierHaleviMarx.[15]Karl'sfather,HerschelMarx,wasthefirstinthelinetoreceiveaseculareducation;becomingrelativelywealthyandmiddle-class,hisfamilyownedanumberofMosellevineyards.Toescapetheconstraintsofanti-semiticlegislation,heconvertedfromJudaismtotheProtestantChristiandenominationofLutheranismpriortohisson'sbirth,takingontheGermanforenameofHeinrichovertheYiddishHerschel.[16]Marx'sbirthplaceinTrier.In1928,itwaspurchasedbytheSocialDemocraticPartyofGermanyandnowhousesamuseumdevotedtohim.[17]Largelynon-religious,Herschelwasaman