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51519969ACTAGE(RAPHICASINICAVol.51,No.SePt.,1996(.100085),,,,17500,0.1%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:199601;:1996055:45512]1()Tab1Indieatorvarisblesforinventorying,monitoringandassingterrestrialbiodiversityat4levelsoforganization,ineludingeomPositional,strueturalandfunetionaleomponents,ventoryingandmonitoringtoolsandtechniques(),,(,),,,,,,,,,,(),,,,,.,Gis,,,(,,,,,),,,,,,C3C4,,,,,,,,,,(,J),,,,,,SI,),,,,(,,,),,,,(),(),(,),,(),(),,,,,,(),,(HSI),,,,,,,,,,,,,DNA,,51,(),()(),,[8j,,,,2,,2.1,,,,,,,;,2.2,,,10,2,100,410,2,2,1.43.0,,[l0:Sf[++++](2l),,,,,5:2.3,,,,,,,,,,,,1030m,,,300600m,3()(1)1Fig.1Landscapetypediverstyandndscapatterndiversity,,,,,,,,,(2),,51,;(),,,,,,;,,t\/2Fig.2Therelationshipbetweenlandscatydiversityandspeciesdiversity,,,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,4(1),()():,,,,5:,,[l,,,,3PeterjohnCorrell[,,89%,8%;80%41%,,,,,,[l5,,;,,MedonneUStiles,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,[l,,,,,,,(stPingstone),,51,[ls,,,,5(1),,(2),,;,(3),,(4),,,1..:,1993.2NossRF.Indieatorsformonitoribiivsity:Ahierachialapproaeh.C.Bg,1990,4:3553643WestNE.Biodiversityofrangelands.ofRageManag,1993,46:2134..,1993,1(l):222SErrettGW,pelesJD.OPtimizinghabitatfragmentation:anagrohadscaPerspctive.ndscaandUrbanpnnzng,1994,28:99105.6..,1995,1s(4):3453507...1995,1s(2):1131208,..:..:,1992.3039.9..:..:1994.133510ForrnanRTr,GodronM.LandscaEeology.NewYork:Wiley1986.11BurelF,udryJ.StrueturaldynamieofahedgerownetworklandscainBrittanyFranee.ndsca&,1990,4(4):197210.12BurelFBaudryJ,LefeuverJC.Landscastruetureandtheeontrolofwaterrunoff.In:BuneeRGH,RzkowsL,5:461PaolettiMG(eds).LandscaEeologyandAgroecosystem.Lewis,BaRaton,FL,1993.4147.13FuJie.GulinekH.MasurnMZ.LoesserosioninrelatontolanduseehangeintheGansIX1eatehment.eentralglum.ndDegradata.at,1994.5:261270.14PeterjohnWT.CorrelDL.Nurrienrdynamiesinanagneulturalwatershed:observationsontheroleofaripanforestg,1984,6514661475.15TaylorPD,FahrigL.HeneinKetal.Connectivityisavitalelementoflandscapestrueture.,1993,68(3):571573.16MedonnellM,StilesEW.Thestrueturaleomplexityofoldfieldvegetationandtherecruitmentofbirddisrsedplantspecies.Oee09(rlin),1983,56:109116.17Ministere5TransPort.Protectondelafauneetdelaelreularionroutine.directiondesroutesetdelaeireulationroutireSETRA.France,1981.119.18GreerDM.Urbanwaterfowlpulation:Eeologiealevaluatonofmanagementandpnning.Er.nag,6:217229.LANDSCAPEDIVERSITYTYPESANDTHEIRECOLOGICALSIGNll,ICANCEFuBojieChenLiding(R~CerFOr&o-ErS,ch~yofscesB9100085)Wordslandscapediversity,Patehdiversity,landscapetydiversity,patterndiver-sltyAtrCtBiologiealdiversityeanbestudiesatfourlevelsoforganization:genetiespecies,eeosystemandlandsea.Althoughhabitatheterogeneityhasreeeivedinereasedattention,espeeiallyintheagrieul-turallandseapemosaiedominatedbymonoculturepraetiees,theeeologiealimportaneeofincreasinglandscadiversityhasnotbeenaddressedinaeomprehensiveapproaeh.Landscadiversitytypesandtheireeologiealsignifieaneearediseussedinthispaper.Landseapediversity15theeomplexityanddiversityoflandseapeelementsineomposition,strue-tureandfunetionwhiehrefersnotoniytonumberofdifferentpatehtypes,patehsize,andpatehshapewithinalandscapemosaie,butalsotothespatialarrangementofdifferentpatehtyPesandtheeonneetivityandeonneetednessofthesePatehes.Therefore,landseaPediversity15eomPosedofpatehdiversity,landseapetypediversityandpatterndiversity.Patehdiversityidentifiespatehnum-berpatehsize,patehshape,perimeterarearatio,landseapefragmentationandPatehedge.Land-seapetyPediversityidentifiesdistributionriehnessandproportionsofpatehtypes.Patterndiversity15ameasureoftherelativearrangementofpatehtyPewithinlandseapemosaie,whiehidentifiesspa-tialpatternoflandseapetype,eonneetivity,spatiallinkageandneighborhoodeffeetsbetweenthepatehes.Patterndiversityeonsidersnotonlyphysiealdistaneebetweenthepatehesbutalsotheland-46251seaPeconnectlvlty.Landseapediversity,ineludingpatehdiversity,landseapetypediversityandpatterndiversity,mayinflueneeavarietysuehaseeologiealphenomenasuehasspeeiesdistributionmovementanddi-versity,waterrunoffanderosion,nutrienteyelingandenergyflowrates,biomassandproduetivityLandseapediversityeanberelatedtolanduseandlandseapeplanning,wildlifehabitatproteetionandbiodiversityeonservation.Inoptimizingbiodiversityatthelandsealevel,resoureemanagersandpolieymakersmustnotonlyeonserveanarrayofpatehes,butalsoaddresshowthesepateheseanbebestintereonneeted.,,1958,1989Stirling19931994Leuven,,Landevaluationinanareaofsevereerosion:theloessPlateauofChina60,41997,,,,(),,16,112,:8.00898:11001572():(024)39162501997:,,,,,96,258n35()1997,,1984:;:;:01002640015090