11、定语从句(形容词从句)2、名词词从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)3、状语从句(副词性从句,包括时间,地点,结果,目的,原因等)一、定语从句:定语从句(AttributiveClauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。1、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主词保持一致。(1),who,whom,that这些词代替指人,“whom”作宾语指人,“that”既可作主语又可作宾语(作宾语可以省略),可以指人也可以指物。(2),Which用来指人或物(用作主语、宾语,作宾语时可以省略)(3),whose“whose”表示谁(可以为人也可以为物)的(东西)2、关系代词引导的定语从句(1),关系副词why主要用于修饰表示原因的名词(主要是thereason),同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。(2),关系副词when主要用于修饰表示时间的名词,同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。(3),关系副词where主要用于修饰表示地点的名词,同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。3、非限制性定语从句它起补充说明作用,缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开。二、名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(NounClauses)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:1、连词(5个):that(宾语从句或表语从句中that有时可以省略)whether,if(均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性)asif,asthough(均表示“好像”,“似乎”)以上在从句中均不充当任何成分2、连接代词(9个):what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whomever,whose,which,whichever3、连接副词(7个):when,where,how,why,whenever,wherever,however三、状语从句状语从句(AdverbialClause)状语从句指句子用作状语时,起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、2让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导,也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开,位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。Ⅱ.几个关系代词的基本用法:●that:可指人或物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。(指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语)如:1.Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.(主语)3.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.(宾语)4.Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?5.Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.6.She'snolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.(表语)7.Ourhometownisnolongertheone(that)itusedtobe.=Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.=Ourhometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe。=Ourhometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.●which:指物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语,定语。如:1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.(主语)2.Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.(宾语)3.Thefactoryinwhichhisfatherworksisfarfromhere.5.Tomspentfouryearsincollege,duringwhichtimehelearnedFrench.(定语)6.Hemaybelate,inwhichcaseweoughttowaitforhim.●who,whom,whose:who:主格,在从句中作主语,在口语或非正式用法中作宾语;只可指人whom:宾格,在从句中作宾语;只可指人whose:属格,在从句中作定语,可指人也可指物。Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.(主语)Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.(代词如he,they,any,those,all,one等后多用who.)Chaplin,forwhomlifehadoncebeenveryhard,wasasuccessasanactor.(宾语)He'samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.=He'saman(whom/who/that)weshouldlearnfrom.比较:Heisthestudentwhomyouthinktobeworthyofyourpraise.Heisthestudentwhoyouthinkisworthpraising.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.(指人)I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.(指物)ThereisateapotshapedlikeaChineseduck,outofwhosemouthteaissupposedtocomeⅢ.关系副词引导的定语从句:●When指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词(如:time,day,week,tear,month,etc.)HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.注意:先行词为时间名词,可用when引导定语从句,when在定语从句中作状语;还可以用which或that引导,which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。3比较:Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.(作状语)Nextmonth,whenyouwillbeinyourhometown,isjustaroundthecorner.Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.(作宾语)Nextwinterwhich/thatyou'llspendinHarbin,I'msure,willbeexciting.●Where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词,如:place,school,factory,room,etc.ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.注意:先行词是地点名词,定语从句可用where引导,还可用which或that引导,which/that在从句中作主语或宾语。比较:※Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.(作状语)Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepointwherehecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.●Why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason时,可用forwhich指代;当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时,则用which或that引导。如:Thereasonwhy/forwhich/(that)hedidn'tattendthemeetingwasthathewasill.Idon'tbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveme.(作宾语)Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhissuccess?(作主语)Ex.)Hewaslate.That'sbecausehegotuplate..Hegotuplate.That'swhyhewaslate.(表语从句)(thereason)why/forwhichhewaslate.(定语从句)当先行词为way时,定语从句常用that,inwhich,或how引导,that常可以省略。way后的定语从句的引导词不用时较多。但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语时,则用which或that引导。如:Thisistheway(that)/inwhichIdosuchthings.比较:Pleasedotheexperimentintheway(that/which)Ihaveshownyou.Ⅳ.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:1.形式上,非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。2.语法上,非限制性定语从句一般不用that.3.语义上,限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密,起限定作用,如果去掉了这个定语从句,整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密,对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。ThisisthebookIlikebest.这就是我最喜欢的那本书。Beijing,whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800years,isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中国八百年之久的古都,它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。4.翻译时,限制性定语从句可译为一句(较短的一般译为的字结构);而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。(见上句翻译)引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词,指人时用who,whom,whose,指物时用which,whose;关系副词when,where,why,etc.1.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.2.Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.3.Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.4Ⅴ.几个易混淆的关系代词的比较:●that&which:在定语从句中,which和that在指代事物时,一般可以互换使用,但并非在任何情况下都是这样,这里介绍宜用that,而不宜用which的情况.①先行词为不定代词,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone等,1.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.2.There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.3.Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday?②先行词被only,any,few,little,no,just,very,oneof等词修饰时。1.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.2.That'stheverywordthatiswronglyus