*仅供参考上海电力学院毕业设计(英文翻译)课题名称认知无线电频谱感知算法仿真院(系)专业班级学生学号ImplementationIssuesinSpectrumSensingforCognitiveRadios认知无线电频谱感知的实现问题Abstract:Therearenewsystemimplementationchallengesinvolvedinthedesignofcognitiveradios,whichhaveboththeabilitytosensethespectralenvironmentandtheflexibilitytoadapttransmissionparameterstomaximizesystemcapacitywhileco-existingwithlegacywirelessnetworks.Thecriticaldesignproblemistheneedtoprocessmulti-gigahertzwidebandwidthandreliablydetectpresenceofprimaryusers.Thisplacessevererequirementsonsensitivity,linearity,anddynamicrangeofthecircuitryintheRFfront-end.Toimproveradiosensitivityofthesensingfunctionthroughprocessinggainweinvestigatedthreedigitalsignalprocessingtechniques:matchedfiltering,energydetection,andcyclostationaryfeaturedetection.Ouranalysisshowsthatcyclostationaryfeaturedetectionhasadvantagesduetoitsabilitytodifferentiatemodulatedsignals,interferenceandnoiseinlowsignaltonoiseratios.Inaddition,tofurtherimprovethesensingreliability,theadvantageofaMACprotocolthatexploitscooperationamongmanycognitiveusersisinvestigated.摘要:出现了一些新系统的实施挑战,其涉及认知无线电——具有感知频谱环境下的传输参数既适应能力和灵活性,以最大限度地提高系统容量,同时并存于传统无线网络。关键设计问题是需要处理多千兆赫宽的带宽,可靠地检测主用户的存在。这对灵敏度,线性度和在RF前端电路的动态范围有严格要求。为了通过处理增益而提高无线电灵敏度,我们调查了三种数字信号处理技术的感测功能:匹配滤波,能量检测和循环平稳特征检测。我们的分析表明:由于能够区分调制信号,干扰和噪声在低信噪比,循环平稳特征检测更有优势。此外,为了进一步提高检测的可靠性,MAC协议,它利用在许多认知用户合作的优势已经在这一块研究很久了。I.INTRODUCTION一、介绍1.Itiscommonlybelievedthatthereisaspectrumscarcityatfrequenciesthatcanbeeconomicallyusedforwirelesscommunications.Thisconcernhasarisenfromtheintensecompetitionforuseofspectraatfrequenciesbelow3GHz.TheFederalCommunicationsCommission’s(FCC)frequencyallocationchartindicatesoverlappingallocationsoverallofthefrequencybands,whichreinforcesthescarcitymindset.Ontheotherhand,actualmeasurementstakenindowntownBerkeleyarebelievedtobetypicalandindicatelowutilization,especiallyinthe3-6MHzbands.Figure1showsthepowerspectraldensity(PSD)ofthereceived6GHzwidesignalcollectedforaspanof50µssampledat20GS/s[12].ThisviewissupportedbyrecentstudiesoftheFCC’sSpectrumPolicyTaskForcewhoreported[1]vasttemporalandgeographicvariationsintheusageofallocatedspectrumwithutilizationrangingfrom15%to85%.Inordertoutilizethesespectrum‘whitespaces’,theFCChasissuedaNoticeofProposedRuleMaking(NPRM–FCC03-322[2])advancingCognitiveRadio(CR)technologyasacandidatetoimplementnegotiatedoropportunisticspectrumsharing.人们普遍认为,有一个频谱稀缺的频率,可以经济地用于无线通信。从使用3GHz以下频率光谱的激烈竞争开始,它就越来越受到关注。美国联邦通信委员会(FCC)的频率分配图表显示所有频段都有重叠的分配,这加强了稀缺的现状。另一方面,在伯克利市中心采取的实际测量被认为是典型的实验结果,从中指出频谱利用率低,特别是在3-6MHz频段。图1显示接收到的6千兆赫的功率谱密度(PSD)宽信号,50μs的采样在20GS/s的的一个跨度。这种观点是最近FCC的频谱政策任务组的研究报告,报告称浩瀚时空和地域变化在分配的频谱利用率介乎15%至85%的使用。为了利用这些频谱'空白',FCC已发出建议规则制定的通知(NPRM-FCC03-322[2])推进认知无线电(CR)技术,以实现协商或伺机频谱共享的候选人。2.Wirelesssystemstodayarecharacterizedbywastefulstaticspectrumallocations,fixedradiofunctions,andlimitednetworkcoordination.Somesystemsinunlicensedfrequencybandshaveachievedgreatspectrumefficiency,butarefacedwithincreasinginterferencethatlimitsnetworkcapacityandscalability.Cognitiveradiosystemsoffertheopportunitytousedynamicspectrummanagementtechniquestohelppreventinterference,adapttoimmediatelocalspectrumavailabilitybycreatingtimeandlocationdependentin“virtualunlicensedbands”,i.e.bandsthataresharedwithprimaryusers.Uniquetocognitiveradiooperationistherequirementthattheradioisabletosensetheenvironmentoverhugeswathsofspectrumandadapttoitsincetheradiodoesnothaveprimaryrightstoanypre-assignedfrequencies.Thisnewradiofunctionalitywillinvolvethedesignofvariousanalog,digital,andnetworkprocessingtechniquesinordertomeetchallengingradiosensitivityrequirementsandwidebandfrequencyagility.现在无线系统的特点是浪费的静态频谱分配,固定无线功能,以及有限的网络协调。在未经许可的频带一些系统已经取得了很大的频谱效率,但都面临着限制的网络容量和可扩展性增加的干扰。认知无线电系统提供使用动态频谱管理技术,以帮助防止干扰,通过创建时间和位置相关的“虚拟免授权频段”,适应当地的即时频谱可用性的机会,例如与主要用户共享频段。独特的认知无线电操作是有需要的,它使无线电能够通过频谱巨大的大片感知环境,并适应它,纵然无线电对任何预指配频率没有基本权利。这种新的无线功能将涉及各种模拟设计,数字化和网络处理技术,以满足具有挑战性的射频灵敏度的要求和宽带频率捷变。3.Spectrumsensingisbestaddressedasacross-layerdesignproblem.CognitiveradiosensitivitycanbeimprovedbyenhancingradioRFfront-endsensitivity,exploitingdigitalsignalprocessinggainforspecificprimaryusersignal,andnetworkcooperationwhereuserssharetheirspectrumsensingmeasurements.频谱感知在跨层设计问题上是最好的方法。认知无线电的灵敏度可以通过增强无线电射频前端的灵敏度,利用数字信号处理增益为特定主用户信号,以及网络合作,用户共享他们的频谱感测的测量得到改善。4.Thepaperisorganizedasfollows;SectionIIdefinesspectrumsensingfunctionandproposesacross-layerapproachforitsimplementation.SectionIIIconsidersRFfront-endandA/Drequirementsforspectrumsensingandanalogtechniquesforfeasibleimplementations.InsectionIVweinvestigatedigitalsignalprocessingtechniquesthatcanimproveradiosensitivityanddetectprimaryusers’presence.SectionVpresentstheresultsfromacooperativesensingscheme,achievablegainsandimplementationissues.Finally,conclusionsarepresentedinSectionVI.本文结构如下,第二部分定义频谱感知功能,并提出了实施一个跨层的方法。第三部分讨论频谱感知的射频前端,后端和A/D的要求,与可实现的模拟技术。在第四部分中,我们研究,可以提高无线电灵敏度和检测主用户的存在的数字信号处理技术。第五部分提出了从协作感知方案,可实现收益和实施问题的结果。最后,结论载于第六部分。II.SPECTRUMSENSING二、频谱感知1.A“CognitiveRadio”isaradiothatisabletosensethespectralenvironmentoverawidefrequencybandandexploitthisinformationtoo