登陆下载更多资料分、高考120分英语语法基础知识-动词分类我们应该从三个方面了解一下动词的分类。第一方面:按词义和句中的作用,动词可以分为四类。见下表。类别特点意义举例实义动词(vt.vi.)及物动词跟宾语须跟宾语一起才能表达完整的意思Ihaveabook..不及物动词不能直接接宾语能独立作谓语Shealwayscomeslate.系动词(link-v)跟表语不能独立做谓语,跟表语构成完整意思Iamastudent.助动词(aux.v.)跟动词原形或分词(无词汇意义)不能独立做谓语,跟主要动词构成谓语,表示疑问,否定及各种时态Hedoesn’tspeakChinese.IamwatchingTV.情态动词(mod.v.)跟动词原形(有自己的词汇意思)不能独立做谓语。表示说话人语气、情态,无人称和数的变化Wecandoitbyourselves.Thatwouldbebetter.第二方面:短语动词,短语动词是由一些动词和其它词构成短语,表达一个完整的意思。其构成方式如下。构成方式举例动词+介词Lookat,lookafter动词+副词Giveup,putinto动词+副词+介词Catchupwith,lookdownupon动词+名词+介词Takecareof,payattentiontoBe+形容词+介词Beproudof,beafraidof复杂结构Makeupone’smind,windone’sway第三方面:按动词的形式可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。1、谓语动词登陆下载更多资料分、高考120分形式意义举例人称与主语在人称一致Iamreadingnow.第一人称数与主语在数上一致Hewriteswell.第三人称单数时态表示动作发生的时间Hewrotealettertomelastmonth.过去时态语态主语是动作的发生者或者承受者WestudyEnglish.主动Theroadwasfilledwithrubbish.被动语气说话人表达事实、要求、愿望等HehasflowntoAmerica.事实IwishIcouldflytothemoonsomeday.愿望2、非谓语动词形式意义用途举例不定式起形容词和名词作用可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语Ittakesme20minutestogotoschool.动名词起名词作用作主语和宾语Shelikesreading.分词现在分词起形容词、副词作用,表主动作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语Thecupisbroken过去分词起形容词、副词作用,表被动Thesteamisseenrisingfromthewetclothes.中学生英语学习常见错误--动词[误]Shelaiddownandsoonfellasleep.[正]Shelaydownandsoonfellasleep.登陆下载更多资料分、高考120分[析]考试中常出现的是易混动词lay放,lie躺,lie说谎。它们的过去时、过去分词和现在分词变化如下:lay(放)laid,laid,laying(及物动词)lie(躺)lay,lain,lying(不及物动词)lie(说谎)lied,lied,lying[误]Pleaseriseyourhand.[正]Pleaseraiseyourhand.[析]rise是不及物动词,其后不能接宾语,如:Thesunrisesintheeast.而raise是及物动词。[误]Iliketoswimverymuch,butIdon'tlikeswimmingthisafternoon.[正]Ilikeswimmingverymuch,butIdon'tliketoswimthisafternoon.[析]like作为喜欢讲时,可以接动名词也可以接不定式,但接动名词时多表达一种习惯性动作。而接不定式则侧重于表达一次性、特殊性的动作。但要注意的是like与would连用时则一定要接不定式,如:Wouldyouliketogowithme?再有一点要注意的是,like作为介词像讲时,只能用分词作其宾语。[误]Stop!Didyoulistentoastrangevoice?[正]Stop!Didyouhearastrangevoice?[析]hear的侧重点是听到、听见什么,而listento的侧重点为听的倾向,如:listen!Doyouhearsomeonecallinghelp?这样的词还有look与see。它们的侧重点也不同,look重于看的倾向,而see重于看见没看见。[误]Didyouwatchsomefilmrecently?[正]Didyouseesomefilmrecently?[析]英语中see与watch各有不同的用处,see用于看电影、剧目,而watch用作看电视和看球赛。[误]Look.Abeautifullamphangedfromtheceiling.[正]Look.Abeautifullamphungfromtheceiling.[析]hang有两个含义,①挂,它的过去时与过去分词是hung,hung;②绞刑,这时它是规则动词,其过去式与过去分词则为hanged,hanged。[误]HowlongcanIborrowthisbook?[正]HowlongcanIkeepthisbook?[析]借在英文中有三个词,①借入,即borrow,如:MayIborrowsomebooksfromthelibrary?②借出,如:Icanlendmybiketoyou.③借多久要用keep,登陆下载更多资料分、高考120分因为borrow与lend都是截止性动词,而keep是延续性动词。如HowlongcanIkeepit?[误]Wehavewonyourclass.[正]Wehavebeatenyourclass.[析]win是及物动词,其后面的宾语应是比赛、战争、奖品、奖金。而beat的宾语,应是人、队、班级等等,如:Wewonthegame.[误]Ileftmykey.[正]Iforgotmykey.[正]Ileftmykeyathome.[析]leave是丢下,其后一定要接地点状语,而forget其后不要接地点状语。[误]Oh!It'srainingoutside.Pleasebringtheraincoatwithyou.[正]Oh!It'srainingoutside.Pleasetakethisraincoatwithyou.[析]bring为带来如:Nexttimebringyourlittlesisterhere.而take为带走,fetch为去某处取什么回来,如:Pleasefetchsomecoffeeforus要熟记的是在初中课文中与take有关的词组,如:takeaway拿走takeback收回takedown取下takeoff脱下take…out拿出takeplace发生takeholdof拿住takepartin参加takeaseat坐下takeone'splace替代takealook看看takeone'sturn轮流takeamessage捎信takecareof照看takeiteasy别着急takeone'stime慢慢来takeone'stemperature测量体温[误]Thepolicemanreachedhisgun.[正]Thepolicemanreachedforhisgun.[析]reach作到达讲时是及物动词,如:Ireachedthehotelat8∶30但作伸手去拿,则要用reachforsomething。作为到达讲时还有arrive(in+大地方)(at+较小的地方)和getto.要注意的是与get有关的词组有:getback回来getin收割getinto进入getoff下车geton上车getout出去getup起床getto到达getreadyfor=bereadyforgetonwellwith与人相处融洽get加比较级为变得如何,例如:getcolderandcolder.[误]Thisdictionaryspentmefivedollars.[正]Thisdictionarycostmefivedollars.[析]英文中的花费有4个spend,cost,take和pay,其中spend登陆下载更多资料分、高考120分与pay所在句中的主语应为人,如:Ispenttwohoursindoingmyhomework.Ipaidfivedallarsforthebook.而cost与take的主语则是事物,如:Ittakesmetwoyearstofinishthisbook.[误]InsummerIalwayssleepwiththewindowsopened.[正]InsummerIalwayssleepwiththewindowsopen.[正]Ialwayssleepwiththewindowsclosed.[析]要注意open是动词也是形容词,而close则要用其过去分词作形容词。[误]Pleasewaitaminute.I'mhavingonmyclothes.[正]Pleasewaitaminute.I'mputtingonmyclothes.[析]英语中的穿衣服要分状态,是什么样的穿着打扮,还是穿衣服的动作两类动词。表示穿着状态的词有haveon,wear,在用法上haveon不宜用进行时态,它多用一般时态,如:Shehasonanewschooldress.而wear则多用进行时来表示状态,如:Sheiswearinganewsweater.在表示动作的词中puton是常用的一词。dress用作动词当穿衣讲时其后宾语不应接衣物,而要接人,如:Mychildrenwereveryyoungtheycouldn'tdressthemselves.在表示穿着状态时用其过去分词当形容词,如:Heisdressedinwhite.[误]Mycomputercan'tbegin.Couldyoufindsomeonetohelpme?[正]Mycomputercan'tstart.Couldyoufindsomeonetohelpme?[析]begin与start均可指开始,而且常常可以互换,如:Schoolbegins(starts)at8a.m.但是在两种情况下不宜用begin而要用start,①当作机器开动、发动讲,如:Mycarcan'tstart.Theremustbesomethingwrongwithit.②作为旅途开始讲,如:Weshouldhavetostartearly.Therewasalotoftrafficontheroad.[误]I'mverygladbecauseIhavefoundedmylostkey.[正]I'mverygladbecauseIhavefoundmylostkey.[析]find是不规则动词,它的过去式和过去分词是found,found,而found又是另外一词建立,它是规则动词,其过去式与过去分词是foundedfounded,如:ThePeople'sRepublicofChinawasfound