Part2考点2Part2语法专题考点2名词对名词的考查在湖南高考中主要出现在完形填空部分。1.主要考查的知识点:(1)名词的词义辨析(2)可数名词单、复数变化形式(3)不可数名词的数(4)名词所有格(5)名词作定语复习重点:(1)掌握名词的准确意义和近义词的区别。(2)掌握可数名词变复数的规则变化和不规则变化。(3)掌握不可数名词可用作可数名词且词义发生变化的用法。(4)掌握名词“'s”所有格和“of”属格的用法。(5)掌握名词作定语的用法。2.如何应对名词的考查在应对完形填空对名词的考查时,应当认真分析空格前后文章语境,确定是考查名词的哪种用法,然后比较四个选项,判断出最佳选项。(2010·湖南)Mydog,Beans,andIwalkthetrailfrequently.Normally,Beanssniffsalongsidethetrailtofollowthesmellofadeertrackorexploresomecauseknownonlytohim…Onemorning,wetookadifferentroute,whichledustoanunfamiliartrail.Iwassurethistrailwouldeventuallyleadustoourfamiliar__40__.A.drivewayB.pathC.crossroadD.highway思路点拨:第40题考查易混淆名词的辨析。根据上文Mydog,Beans,andIwalkthetrailfrequently.和wetookadifferentroute,whichledustoanunfamiliartrail.可综合判断选B,即“熟悉的小径”。熟读深思1.名词的数(1)Hesaysthatphysicsisveryinterestingandhelikesitverymuch.(2)Hetoldmethatthefurnitureinthathouseisnew.(3)Shesaiditwasinterestingtoplaywiththechickensonhisuncle'sfarmlastweekend.(4)Lilysaidthatthechickenhermothercookedwasverydelicious.(5)I'mtoldthattheyhavemanycattleontheirfarms.(6)Myfamilyaregoingwithme.(7)Theaveragefamilyisagreatdealsmallerthanitusedtobe.熟读深思(8)HowmanydeerarethereinDafengnow?(9)WeareallChinese,butheisJapanese.(10)Strangely,thereweremanylookersonthere,butnonewasbraveenoughtostopthefight.(11)Nowyouaregrownups,soyoushouldhelpyourparentssupportyourfamily.(12)Inthepast,mostwomenhavemanychildreneach.(13)It'ssaidthattheBrownsaregoingtocometoseeusthisweekend.(14)It'snecessaryforastudenttohaveaknowledgeofEnglish.归纳总结规则1:以s结尾,仍为单数的名词多为学科名词,如:physics,linguistics,mathematics,politics,statistics,news,theUnitedStates,如:(1)。规则2:表示一类事物总称的名词,常作不可数名词看待而不能加“s”。如:machinery,furniture,equipment,technology,luggage,baggage,homework,evidence,如:(2)。归纳总结规则3:有些名词的单、复数形式表达不同的意思。如:chicken鸡肉/chickens小鸡;fish鱼(尾数),鱼肉/fishes各种鱼;paper纸/papers试卷;water水/waters水域;room空间/rooms房间;time时间/times时代;arm手臂/arms武器等,如:(3)、(4)。归纳总结规则4:有些名词形式上虽是单数,但表示的是复数含义。如:people,police,__cattle__,__staff__,__public__,the+adj.,the+分词(表示一类人),如:(5)。规则5:对于集体名词,当它表示一个整体时,视作单数;当它侧重各个成员,视作复数,如:(6)、(7)。规则6:有些名词单复数同形。如:fish,deer,sheep,youth,Chinese,Japanese,means,species,crossroads,series,works,如:(8)、(9)。归纳总结规则7:由连字符构成的复合名词的“数”,一是合成名词的复数形式通常只将其中的主体名词变成复数。如:lookerson参观者,sonsin-law女婿,editorsinchief主编,shoemakers鞋匠。二是如果没有主体名词,在最后一个词上加复数(词尾)。如:gobetweens中间人,grown-ups成人,followups续集,goodfornothings饭桶。三是man,woman,gentleman等作定语时,定语和被修饰词都变成复数。如:menworkers,womenteachers,gentlemenofficials,如(10)、(11)。归纳总结规则8:不规则名词的“数”:常用改变元音字母或词尾加en等方法构成,woman—women,child—children,ox—oxen,tooth—teeth,goose—geese,foot—feet,mouse—mice,phenomenon—phenomena,analysis—analyses,如:(12)。规则9:专有名词的“数”:在姓氏名词上加“s”变成复数,如:史密斯一家人(theSmiths),两个玛丽__two_Marys__,如:(13)。归纳总结规则10:有些物质名词表示不同种类或表示“一种,一杯/罐/瓶”等数量意义时,可用作可数名词。抽象名词表示具体或特定事物时,可具体化,其前面须有不定冠词。如:apleasure/pity/surprise/success/failure/shame,anhonor/abrightfuture/astrongcharacter/agreathelp/awasteoftime,如:(14)。熟读深思2.名词所有格(1)It'stenminutes'drivefromheretomyschool.(2)Children'sbookshouldbesimplewithinterestingpictures.(3)Students'uniformsshouldbeclearandlovely.(4)BeijingisthecapitalofChina.(5)Mary'sandJoan'scoatsaredifferent.(6)MaryandJack'shouseisverylargeandbeautiful.(7)Alicetoldmethatshewouldgotothechemist's,forherfatherdidn'tfeelhimself.(8)Hesaidthathelearntitfromafriendofhisbrother's.归纳总结规则1:英语中表示有生命名词的所有格时,在词尾加“'s”,如:theboy'sbag,men'sroom。此外,表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等无生命名词的所有格也可在词尾加“'s”来表示所有关系,意为:“……的”,如:ateacher'sbook,atwentyminutes'walk,tenmiles'journey,twopounds'weight,tendollars'worth,如:(1)、(2)。规则2:若名词已有复数词尾s,只加“'”,如:theworkers'struggle,如:(3)。归纳总结规则3:of属格:无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构,如:amapofChina,theendofthisterm,thecapitalofourcountry,thecoloroftheflowers,如:(4)。规则4:如果两个名词并列,若分别有加“'s”,则表示“分别有……”;若只有后一个名词加“'s”,则表示两个“共有”。如:John'sandMary'srooms(两间);JohnandMary'sroom(一间),如:(5)、(6)。归纳总结规则5:省略格:在表示店铺或教堂,诊所的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词,如:在诊所atthedoctor's;在我姐家atmysister's,如:(7)。规则6:双重格:of+名词“'s”结构,如afriendofmyfather's,worksofLuXun's,如:(8)。熟读深思3.名词作定语用括号中所给词的适当形式填空(1)There'sa__stone__(stone)bridgeovertheriver.(2)Herdaughterworksina__shoe__(shoe)shop.(3)Therearethree__women__(woman)__doctors__(doctor)inthatclinic.(4)Weholda__sports__(sport)meetingeachterm.归纳总结名词可以用作定语修饰后面的名词,表示类别、处所、材料、身份、性别、功能、用途等。规则1:名词作定语时通常用名词的单数形式。如:ashoeshop(鞋店),streetlamps(路灯),abookcase(书柜)等等,如:(1)、(2)。规则2:man和woman作定语时,常用“单单(awomandoctor)”、“复复(twowomendoctors)”式,如:(3)。归纳总结规则3:名词clothes,sports,parents,sales,arms等用复数形式作定语。如:armscontrol(武器控制),sportsmeeting(运动会),clothesshop(服装店),customsofficer(海关人员),salesmanager(销售经理)等,如:(4)。