英语语篇中的评论附加语——人际意义的协商和构建广州中山大学齐曦关键词:评论附加语,人际意义,英语语篇,系统功能语法摘要:评论附加语大致相当于Quirketal(1985)描述的分离状语,根据Halliday(1994),它表达说话人对整个命题的态度,表达语言的人际意义。Halliday&Matthiessen(2004)从精密度上扩展了英语评论附加语的系统。本文旨在考察系统功能语法对英语评论附加语及其系统的研究,讨论评论附加语在语篇中表达的人际意义,重点探讨sadly/fortunately,admittedly/certainly,actually/apparently在语篇中构建人际意义的微妙差异。论文采用的语料来源于英国国家语料库第二版。前言语言在反映主、客观世界概念意义的同时,也反映人与人之间的关系。通过使用语言,我们得以表达对人以及与人相关的事物或现象的主观判断、推测、评价、劝说以及情感的宣泄等。这些人际意义的表达可以通过研究语言的词汇语法资源得以揭示。本文拟考察系统功能语法(Halliday1994;Matthiessen1995;Halliday&Matthiessen2004)有关评论附加语(commentadjuncts)的研究,讨论评论附加语在英语语篇中协商构建人际意义的情况。Thompson和Zhou(2001)曾对语篇中admittedly,plainly,surprisingly等他们称为分离附加语(disjuncts)的副词加以分析,讨论表达的评价意义(另见Hohulin2003;胡壮麟2009),杨信彰(2006)也曾对英语学术语篇中的评论附加语进行过相关研究。本文将重点关注Halliday&Matthiessen(2004)对英语评论附加语系统的描述,揭示在具体语篇中sadly/fortunately,admittedly/certainly,actually/apparently等评论附加语表达人际意义的微妙差异。评论附加语的相关论述Greenbaumetal(1972:421-424)Quirketal(1985:612-631)Biberetal(2000:557-558;853-875)系统功能语法对评论附加语的研究Halliday(1994:80-84)Halliday&Matthiessen(2004:129-132)Halliday(1994:80-84)附加语(adjuncts)是小句中不具备充当主语潜能的句子成分:-情态附加语(Modaladjuncts):表达说话人的观点、态度、评价等人际功能的;属于语气结构中的语气成分-环境附加语(circumstantialadjuncts):表达事件发生的地点、时间、方式、起因等经验功能;属于语气结构中的剩余成分-连接附加语(conjunctiveadjuncts):表达总结、添加、比较等将前后小句联系的语篇功能;不在语气结构中Halliday(1994:80-84)情态附加语:语气附加语(moodadjuncts)、评论附加语句法上的区别:语气附加语一般出现在小句中限定操作词的附近,与小句的语气系统关系紧密,表达归一度(是与否)、情态(可能性、经常性、意愿、义务)、时间或语气(明显性、强度、程度),如not,probably,already,merely等;评论附加语与连接附加语更为相似,它常出现于小句中具有重要语篇组织作用的地方,特别是信息单位的交界处,介于调群间,通常用逗号与其它部分相隔,表达说话人对整个命题的态度,如frankly,apparently,wisely等。评论附加语表达的语义:Halliday(1994:49)总结为观点、承认、劝说、恳求、推定、合意性、可靠性、效度、评估、预测等。Halliday&Matthiessen(2004:129-132)Halliday&Matthiessen(2004:129-132)从系统的角度对评论附加语进行了更为精密的描述讨论:评论附加语对人际意义的实现从Halliday&Matthiessen表中可以看到,评论附加语能从认识、情感、评价三个角度来表达说话人对命题的评论,体现多方面的人际意义,同时,也表达不同的话语风格。下面就表中部分评论附加语表达人际意义的情况举例说明,例句取自英国国家语料库第二版(BNC2)。(1)Thesegrownaturally(环境附加语:方式)asasingle,verticalstemandneedabsolutely(语气附加语:程度)nopruning.BNC2:AOG(1135)(2)PropelledbytheirenergyIarrive,naturally,20minutesaheadofthecommuters.BNC2:AAF(803)(评论附加语:认识:自然程度)(3)Althoughinsomewaystwentieth-centuryromanticballetsresemblethoseofthenineteenthcentury,theymoreoftenoriginateinadramawhichsupposedlytakesplaceintheworldofreality.BNC2:A12(1398)(评论附加语:认识:猜想)(4)Thepushchairandallitsaddedextraswasanothermajorexpense,butluckilymyparentstreatedmetoit.BNC2:HO7(392)(评论附加语:情感:运气)(5)MostOTCcompanieswereallgasandpromises,nosubstance.Clientsstupidlytrustedtheirdealers.BNC2:BUU(1833)(评论附加语:评价:智力)(6)TheGovernmentisrightlygivingmoreresponsibilitytolocalauthoritiesforplanninganddecisionmaking,whilestillprovidingthenecessaryframework.BNC2:A3A(406)(评论附加语:评价:道德)(7)Theinnwasgenerallythelargestofthethree,providingaccommodationaswellasbeverages,andwastypicallylocatedinmarketplacesoronthroughroutes.BNC2:AOB(180)(评论附加语:说话风格:有效性)(8)Fritztookastepnearer.‘Honestly,Erika,noonehasseenme.Ijustwantedtoseeyou,that'sall.’BNC2:A7A(1924)(评论附加语:说话风格:保证)(9)Itdoesn‘tfollowthatheknowswhatthematteris—‘honestly,though,Idon’tknowwhat’swrongwithme,’headds.Hehasn‘tgottheundergroundman’sbodilessanalyticclarity.BNC2:A18(371)(评论附加语:说话风格:诚实)(10)ImmediatelyandfrighteninglyshecouldfeelFenna‘swillpower.Shehonestlycouldnotholdhimoffalone.BNC2:A6J(1011)(评论附加语:认识:确信程度)事实上,在具体的语篇上下文中,某些评论附加语表达人际意义会呈现微妙的差异(Quirketal1985:623;627对其分离状语有相关讨论)。下面分别举例说明。sadly和fortunately根据Halliday&Matthiessen,sadly和fortunately作为评论附加语是针对整个命题,从合意性方面表达遗憾或庆幸的情感意义,如以下例(11)和例(12)所示,它们分别对应于itissadthat…/itisfortunatethat…句式,着重评论事态本身给人们的感受。(11)‘IthadbeenCarole'sdreamtocomeandworkwithus,butsadlythatdreamwassmashed.’BNC2:K97(167)(12)Fortunatelyincreasedgastrinproductiondoesnotseemtocauseanyuntowardeffectsonpeople.BNC2:ABK(3108)sadly和fortunately除此之外,以下例(13)显示出,sadly还能作为言语功能评论附加语,突出说话人遗憾的口吻,而至于言语对方是否也感到遗憾则不得而知。sadly的这一人际功能可以从例(14)得到佐证。(13)Sadly,Icannotshareyouroptimisticconclusion,whichimplieswewillalwaysmuddlethroughtogetheraswehavedonesoofteninthepast.BNC2:AK9(2033)(14)However,sadlytosay,therewasonecloudwhichmarredanotherwisesuperweekend—theabsenceofsupportfromtheBLIbowlers.BNC2:K32(1609)(15)FortunatelyIstillhaveanaudience,otherwiseIwouldberedundant,Iwouldbeapensioner.BNC2:A3X(53)(16)Janehadhadwideimaginingsofeverybody'sabilitiescomingtogethertoacommonend,butfortunatelyshehadkeptherthoughtstoherself.Herelderson,whohaddoneaconservationcourse,wouldhavebeenwarden,herelderdaughter—averygoodjournalist—woulddothepublicity,heryoungerdaughter,anartistandphotographer,woulddesignthefieldcentreandsetupexhibitions,andheryoungerson,anexcellentcommunicatorofgreatcharm,wouldshowtheschoolchildrenround.BNC2:ABW(936)(17)Fortunatelyfortheworld,JohnKennedy'steamwaswiseenoughtocreatethepausethatallowedKhrushchevtopullback.BNC2:ABE(484)admittedly和certainly根据Halliday&Matthiessen,评论附加语admittedly和certainly表达的是说话人的言语风格,具体来讲,是以表达“让步”来达成劝说的效果。例(18)中,在分析比赛中观众减少原因时,说话人用admittedly,表达了对英国的天气、经济原因对比赛产生负面影响的认可,但随后又用but表明更重要的原因还是几年来都有的快速投球的现象。值得注意的是,admittedly表达“让步”意味时,but一般紧随其后。(18)Oneoftheattractionsofthegamehasalwaysbeenitsdiversity,and,whateversuccesstheybring,arelentles