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Unit4Astronomy:thescienceofthestarsHowmuchdoyouknowabouttheuniverse?Thinkaboutthesequestionsandthendiscussthemwithyourpartner.1Inoursolarsystemeightplanetscirclearoundthesun.Whatarethey?Canyoumatchthenameswiththeplanets?solarsystem太阳系Mercury(水星)Venus(金星)Mars(火星)Jupiter(木星)Uranus(天王星)Neptune(海王星)Earth(地球)Saturn(土星)MyVeryExcellentMotherJustSentUsNinePizzasHowtoremembertheorderoftheeightplanetsaroundthesun?EarthJupiterMarsMercuryNeptuneSaturnUranusVenus水星最接近太阳，是太阳系中第二小行星。水星的英文名字Mercury来自罗马神墨丘利。墨丘利也就是希腊神话中的Hermes。或许由于水星在空中移动得快，才使它得到这个名字。金星是离太阳第二近，太阳系中第六大行星。古希腊人称之为Aphrodite(阿芙罗狄蒂)，是希腊神话中爱与美的女神。而在罗马神话中爱与美的女神是维纳斯—Venus，因此金星也称做“维纳斯”。地球是距太阳第三颗，它是太阳系类地行星中最大的一颗，也是太阳系第五大行星，行星年龄估计大约有45亿年(4.5×109)。地球是唯一一个不是从希腊或罗马神中得到的名字。Earth一词来自于古英语及日耳曼语。这里当然有许多其他语言的命名。在罗马神话中，地球女神叫Tellus－肥沃的土地。火星为距太阳第四远，也是太阳系中第七大行星。因为火星在夜空中看起来是血红色的，所以在西方，以罗马神话中的战神Mars命名它。木星是离太阳第五颗行星，而且是最大的一颗。木星是天空中第四亮的物体。木星是自转最快的行星。在西方称它为朱庇特—Jupiter，是罗马神话中的众神之王，相当于希腊神话中的宙斯（Zeus）。土星是离太阳第六远的行星。是太阳系中仅次于木星的第二大行星。中国古代称之为镇星或填星。土星的英文名字Saturn（以及其他绝大部分欧洲语言中的土星名称）是以罗马神的农神萨杜恩命名的。希腊神话中的农神Cronus是Uranus（天王星）和该亚的儿子，也是宙斯的父亲。天王星是太阳系中离太阳第七远行星，颜色为灰蓝色，是一颗巨型气体行星(GasGiant)。以直径计算，天王星是太阳系第三大行星；天王星的命名，是取自希腊神话的天神乌拉诺斯—Uranus。乌拉诺斯是古希腊神话中的宇宙之神，是最早的至高无上的神。他是该亚的儿子兼配偶，是Cronus（农神土星）、独眼巨人和泰坦（奥林匹斯山神的前辈）的父亲。海王星为太阳系九大行星中的第八个，是一个巨行星。海王星。目前海王星是太阳系内离太阳第二远的行星。海王星的名字是罗马神话中的海神涅普顿（Neptune）。古希腊神话中海神叫波塞冬(Poseidon)。Whatinterestsyouinastronomy?Doyouknowanyquestionsthatastronomersareinterestedin?Aristotle亚里斯多德Metaphysics(宇宙哲学)张衡(78AD-139AD),earliestastronomerinChinaLaterHanDynastySeismography地震仪InventedseismographyandtheArmillarySphere(浑天仪)soastoobservetheuniverseandpredictearthquakeGalileo伽利略Galileomadeaseriesofprofounddiscoveriesusinghisnewtelescope,includingthemoonsoftheplanetJupiterandthephasesoftheplanetVenus(similartothoseofEarth’smoon).Copernicus哥白尼sun-centeredorheliocentric(以太阳为中心)theoryIsaacNewton,牛顿1642—1727Universalgravitation万有引力gravity地心引力,重力Einstein,Albert(1879-1955)爱因斯坦Relativity(相对论)andtheCosmos(宇宙)Thetheoryaboutblackholes(黑洞理论)BlackholesSatellites卫星Spaceflights(太空飞行)CheerupFloatWeightlessCarbin1.Doyouknowtheoriginoflifeonearth?2.Eachreligionorculturehasitsownideasabouthowlifebeganonearth.InChineseculture…____________separates(分)theskyfromtheearth.Pangu盘古skyearth_____________madehumanbeings.Nuwa(女娲)Inwesterncountries:______________createdtheworldandalllivingthings.God(上帝)Day1:GodspokeandseparatedlightfromdarknesscreatingDayandNightDay2:GodspokeandseparatedthewatercreatingskyandoceanDay3:GodspokeandcreateddrylandTheBiblicalAccountDay4:Godspokeandcreatedthesun,moonandstarsDay5:GodspokeandcreatedlivingcreaturesintheairandseaDay6:GodspokeandcreatedthelandanimalsandmanDay7:GodrestedandblessedthisdaycallingitHolyUnit4HowLifeBeganontheEarthTheBigBangBigBangAsolidballAtmosphereTheearth地球大气Theearth’satmospherenitrogenoxygendioxidecarbonvapourItwasfullofwater.Originalcells.Thecellsinthewaterbegantoseparate.waterPlantsinthewaterShellfishandfishPlantsonlandInsectsandamphibiansReptilesDinosaursMammalsManhadevolvedfromapes.1.Whywastheearthdifferentfromotherplanets?A.Itproducedalotofheat.B.Thewaterremained.C.Thewaterdisappeared.D.Itwastheoldestplanet.Choosethebestanswer.B2.Whywaslifeabletodevelopontheearthbutnotonotherplanets?A.Theearthhadasolidshape.B.Theearthdidnothaveharmfulgasesinitsatmosphere.C.Thewaterstayedontheearthbutnotonotherplanets.D.Theearthwasnottoohotandnottoocold.C3.Whywasitnecessaryforplantstogrowbeforeanimals?A.Animalsneededplantstoprotectthemfromthesun.B.Plantsprovidedoxygenforanimalstobreathe.C.Animalscouldhidefromhuntersintheforest.D.Itwaseasierforplantstogrow.B4.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat___.A.after“BigBang”,whatthedustwastobecomeremainedamysteryB.plantsappearedbeforetheanimalsC.plantsmultipliedandfilledtheoceanswithoxygenD.plantsplayedanimportantpartintheappearanceoftheanimalsDAwidelyacceptedtheoryabouttheformationoftheuniverseTheformationoftheearthTheimportanceofwaterforlifeThedevelopmentofplantsandanimalsontheearthThearrivalofhumansandtheirimpactontheearthPara.1Para.2Para.3Para.4Para.5Themainideaforeachparagraph.Puttheeventsintoatimeline.1.Insectsandamphibiansappeared.3.Theearthbecameasolidball.5.Reptilesappeared.7.Theearthwasacloudofdust.9.Shellfishandotherfishappeared.11.Cleveranimalswithhandsandfeetappeared.Keys:1073849615212112.Dinosaursappeared.4.Smallplantsgrewonthewater.6.Plantsbegantogrowondryland.8.Waterappearedontheearth.10.Theuniversebeganwitha“BigBang”.12.Mammalsappeared.CombineintoExplodewithfireandrockdissolveharmfulgasesBigBangEnergeticdustaviolentsolidballAtmosphereWateroceansandseasCooldownFinishthefollowingform.Para1-3AcloudofenergeticdustAsolidballAtmosphereAworldfullofwater4132CombineintoExplodewithfireandrockdissolveharmfulgasesCooldownwatergreenplantsonland234HowlifebeganontheearthAnalysing5678forestsshellfishandallsortsoffishinsects(onland)amphibians(onlandandinwater)reptiles(onland)dinosaurs(onland)mammals(onland)smallcleveranimalswithhandsandfeethumansmallplantsinwater1arrivalofsmallplantsinwaterearlyshellfishplantsanimalsallsortsoffishearlyshellfishAfewkindsmanyk