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1M7U2ReadingTwolife-savingmedicinesThisarticlewillfocusontwodrugsthatstartedrevolutionsinmedicine.Ifyouopenupanymedicinecupboardorgotoanymedicinecounterintheworld,itislikelythatyouwillfindaspirinandpenicillin.Bothofthesemedicineshavesavedmillionsofpeople’slivesandhaveprovedbeneficialtomankindsincetheywereinvented.AspirinAspirinwasinventedin1897.However,thebasicchemicalusedtomakeaspirincanbefoundinnature.Nearly3,500yearsago,peoplechewedonleavesordrankakindofteamadefromleavespossessingaspecialchemicaltoreducebodypainsandfever.About2,500yearsago,theGreekphysicianHippocrates,fatherofalldoctors,madeajuicefromatreebarkcontainingsalicylicacidforthesameeffect.Itwasin1897thataEuropeanchemistcalledDrFelixHoffmannproducedaspirinfromthischemical.Thefirsttrialsofthismedicinetookplacein1899,whenthecompanyHoffmannworkedforbegandistributingthemedicineinpowderformtophysicianstousewithpatients.Ayearlater,in1900,aspirinwassoldinshopsintheformoftablets.Withinashorttime,aspirinbecamethebest-sellingmedicineintheworldforpainrelief.Notonlyhasaspirinprovedvitalforreducingfeverandhelpingstoppain,buttherearealsootherthingsthataspirincanhelpwith.LawrenceCraven,adoctorfromtheUSA,introducedtheideain1953thataspirinhadthepotentialtoreducetheriskofheartattacks,becauseithelpedthebloodcirculatebetter.Thereportwasignored.However,in1971,SmithandWillisfromtheUKprovedthataspirincouldhavethateffect,andin1977astudycarriedoutintheUSAshowedthataspirincouldpreventstrokes.Elevenyearslater,DrThunfromtheUSAshowedthataspirincouldreducetheriskofsomecancersby40percent.In1999,aspirinwasover100yearsold,andyettherehavebeenmorediscoveriesabouthowitcanhelpincreasethelengthofpeopleslives.In2003,aChinesedoctor,DrYuanMinsheng,foundthataspirincouldreducebloodsugarlevelsand,therefore,helppeoplewithdiabetes.PenicillinAnotherdrugthathashelpedincreasethestandardofpeople’shealthispenicillin,whichisconsideredbymanytobeoneofthemostimportantmedicinesincontemporarysociety.ItwasdiscoveredbyaScottishscientistnamedAlexanderFlemingin1928.Henotedthatadishinwhichhewastryingtogrowbacteriaforanexperimentlookedabnormal---therewasbluemouldinit.Itastonishedhimtoseethebacteriasurroundingthemoulddead,whichmeantthatthemouldhadkilledthem.Flemingtriedthismouldoutonanotherbacteriumandfoundthatitkilledthatbacteriumtoo.Heimmediatelyrealizedthatthemouldmighthaveanapplicationintreatingillnessescausedbybacteria.Henamedtheliquidmadefromthemould‘penicillin’.However,thedevelopmentofpenicillinasadrugfacedtwoproblems.First,hewasunabletofindaproceduretomakepenicillinpureenoughtoworkasamedicine.Second,itwasdifficulttoproducepenicillinintheamplequantitiesneededtobeeffective.In1940,twootherscientistshelpedsolvetheseproblems,andmanagedtomakeandtestthenewdruginlargequantities.SincethenewdrugwasneededforWorldWarⅡ,thegovernmentapprovalprocessforpenicillinwasaccelerated,andmassproductionbeganin1944.Duetothewidespreaduseofpenicillin,manylivesweresavedduringthewar.Ifpenicillinhadnotbeenavailable,manypeoplewouldhavediedfromsicknessforevensmallwounds.Penicillinbecamethegreatestdrugofthe20thcentury,savingmillionsoflives.2In1945,thethreescientists,Fleming,FloreyandChain,sharedtheNobelPrizeinMedicinefortheirwork.Name___________Class____________M7U2ReadingTwo__________medicinesThisarticlewill________________twodrugsthatstarted_____________inmedicine.Ifyou______________anymedicine____________orgotoanymedicine____________intheworld,______________________youwillfindaspirinandpenicillin.Bothofthesemedicineshavesavedmillionsofpeople’slivesandhave_____________________________________sincetheywereinvented.AspirinAspirinwasinventedin1897.However,thebasicchemicalusedtomakeaspirincanbefound____________.Nearly3,500yearsago,people_________________leavesordrankakindofteamadefromleaves_________________________________toreducebodypainsandfever.About2,500yearsago,theGreek_______________Hippocrates,fatherofalldoctors,madeajuicefromatreebark____________salicylicacidforthesameeffect.___________in1897________aEuropean_________calledDrFelixHoffmannproducedaspirinfromthischemical.Thefirst___________ofthismedicine____________in1899,whenthecompanyHoffmannworkedforbegan_______________themedicine___________________to_____________tousewithpatients.Ayearlater,in1900,aspirinwassoldinshops______________________.Withinashorttime,aspirinbecamethe_______________medicineintheworldfor_________.__________________aspirinproved_______________forreducingfeverandhelpingstoppain,buttherearealsootherthingsthataspirincanhelpwith.LawrenceCraven,adoctorfromtheUSA,________________________in1953thataspirin________________________________reducethe________________________,becauseithelpedtheblood______________better.Thereportwasignored.However,in1971,SmithandWillisfromtheUKprovedthataspirincouldhavethateffect,andin1977astudy________________intheUSAshowedthataspirincould_______________.Elevenyearslater,DrThunfromtheUSAshowedthataspirincouldreducetheriskofsomecancers______40percent.In1999,aspirinwasover100yearsold,andyettherehavebeenmorediscoveriesabouthowitcanhelp___