英语语言学第二章

Chapter2TheSoundsofLanguageThetwomajorareasofstudyingspeechsounds:1)phonetics2)phonologyPhoneticsThestudyofthespeechsoundsthatoccurinallhumanlanguagesiscalledphonetics.Thestudyofsoundscanbedividedintothreemainareas:ArticulatoryPhonetics;AcousticPhonetics;PerceptualorAuditoryPhoneticsThestudyofsoundsisdividedintothreemainareas,eachdealingwithonepartoftheprocess:ArticulatoryPhonetics(发音语音学)isthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.AcousticPhonetics(声学语音学)isthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds.PerceptualorAuditoryPhonetics（听觉语音学）isconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.Speechorgans(articulator)Speechorgans,alsoknownasvocalorgans,arethosepartsofthehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech.Thespeechorganscanbeconsideredasconsistingofthreeparts:TheinitiatoroftheairstreamTheproducerofthevoicetheresonatingcavitiesSpeechproductionThethreecavitiesofthevocaltract(声道三腔):Pharynx/‘færɪŋks/咽腔Oralcavity/‘kævɪtɪ/口腔Nasalcavity鼻腔SpeechorgansTheorgansinsidetheoralcavitytheupperpartofthemouth:theupperliptheupperteeththealveolarridge/æl'vɪələ/齿龈Thehardpalate/'pælət/硬腭Thesoftpalate(velum/'viːləm/)软腭Theuvula/'juːvjʊlə/小舌TheorgansinsidetheoralcavityThebottompartofthemouth:ThelowerlipThelowteethThetongue/tʌŋ/舌头TheorgansinsidetheoralcavityThetongue:ThetipThebladeThefrontThebackTherootSpeechorgansInsidethethroatTheupperpart:PharynxThelowerpart:larynxPositionofthevocalfolds:voiceless清音Whenthevocalcordsareapart,theaircanpassthrougheasilyandthesoundproducedissaidtobevoiceless.Positionofthevocalfolds:voicing/voiced浊音Whenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairstreamforcesitswaythroughandcausesthemtovibrate.Positionofthevocalfolds:glottalstopNasalcavity/m//n//ŋ/IPA国际音标ThestandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscriptionistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)国际音标。Broadtranscription宽式音标Narrowtranscription窄式（严式）音标ClassificationofEnglishspeechsoundsSpeechsoundsofalllanguagesarebroadlyclassifiedintovowelsandconsonants.Vowels:thereisnoobstructiontotheflowofairasitpassesfromthelarynxtothelips.Consonants:wearemakingitdifficultorimpossiblefortheairtopassthroughthemouth.ConsonantsEnglishconsonantcanbeclassifiedaccordingtothemannerofarticulationandtheplaceofarticulation.Themannerofarticulation:itreferstothetypeofstrictureinvolvedintheproductionofaconsonant(theparticularwaytheairstreamisobstructed).Theplaceofarticulation:itreferstotheinvolvementofthearticulatorsintheproductionofaparticularconsonant(wheretheairstreamismostobstructed).ThemannerofarticulationPlosives/stops(爆破音)——/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/Fricatives（摩擦音）——/f/,/v/,/s/,/z/,/θ/,/ð/,/∫/,/ʒ/,/h/Affricates(破擦音)——/t∫/,/dʒ/Liquids（流音）——/l/,/r/Nasals（鼻音）——/m/,/n/,/ŋ/Glides(medianapproximants)（滑音）——/j/,/w/TheplaceofarticulationBilabials（双唇音）:/p/,/b/,/m/,/w/Labiodentals（唇齿音）:/f/,/v/Dentals（齿音）:/θ/,/ð/Alveolars（齿龈音）:/t/,/d/,/n/,/s/,/z/,/r/,/l/Palatals（上颚音）:/j/,/∫/,/ʒ/,/dʒ/,/t∫/Velars（软腭音）:/k/,/g/,/ŋ/Glottal（声门音，喉音）:/h/EnglishvowelsAccordingtowhichpartofthetongueisheldhighest.Frontvowels:/i:/,/ɪ/,/e/（/ɛ/）,/æ/(/ɑ/)Centralvowels:/ɜː/(ə:),/ə/,/ʌ/Backvowels:/u:/,/u/,/ɔː/,/ɔ/,/ɑː/TheshapeofthelipsRoundedvowels:/u:/,/u/,/ɔ:/,/ɔ/Unroundedvowels:/i:/,/ɪ/,/e/(/ɛ/),/æ/(/ɑ/),/ɜː/,/ə/,/ʌ/,/ɑː/ThewidthoftheMouthOpenvowels:/æ/(/ɑ/),/ɔ/,/ɑ:/Closevowels:/i:/,/ɪ/,/u:/,/u/Semi-openvowels:/e/(/ɛ/),/ɜː/,/ə/,/ʌ/Thelengthofthevowels:Longvowelsandshortvowels[i][ə][ɔ][u][ʌ][e][æ][i:][ɜː][ɔ:][u:][ɑ:]Monophthongs&DiphthongsMonophthongs:simplevowelsDiphthongs:asequenceoftwosoundsproducedfromonevowelpositiontoanother/eɪ//əu//aɪ//au//ɔɪ//ɪə//eə//uə/VariationsofsoundsLiaison（连音）Inparticularwhenthesecondwordbeginswithavowel.e.g.Mycarisblue/kɑ:riz/Anegg/ə’neg/VariationsofsoundsElision（元音省略）,referstothelossofasoundorsoundsinspeechundercertaincircumstances.Itistypicalofrapid,casualspeech.e.g.factory/'fækt(ə)rɪ//'fæktrɪ/VariationsofsoundsAssimilation（同化）：thewaythatsoundsbelongingtoonewordoronesyllablecancausechangesinsoundsbelongstoneighboringwordsorsyllables.Regressiveassimilation（逆同化）andProgressiveassimilation（顺同化）Regressiveassimilatione.g.Im+possiblebilabial+bilabialsoundIn+tolerantalveolar+alveolarsoundTenthProgressiveassimilatione.g.CatsDogsPhonology（音系学/音位学）Phonologyisthedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.Phone,PhonemeandAllophonePhoneme（音位）:isabasicunitofphonologicalstudy,anditisanabstractcollectionofphoneticfeatureswhichcandistinguishmeaning.e.g.pit,spit,tip,feel,leaf/s//t//f//p//i://ɪ//l/PhonePhone（音素）:isaphoneticunitorsegmente.g.pit,spit,tip,feel,leaf[s][t][f][ph][p][i:][ɪ][l][ł]AllophonesAllophones（音位变体）:thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.e.g.thephoneme/l/dark[ł]Clear[l],whichareallophonesofthephoneme/l/Minimalpairs最小对立体Minimalpairs:arepairsofwordswhichdifferfromeachotheronlybyonesound(occursinthesameplace).Minimalsets最小对立体集Minimalsets:whenagroupofwordscanbedifferentiatedeachonefromtheothers,bychangingonephoneme(alwaysinthesameposition),thenwehav