英语语言学导论复习题

语言学导论复习一．名词解释1.Broadtranscription(宽式音标):Broadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly.Thisisthetranscriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooksforgeneralpurposes.2.Componential[.kɔmpə'nenʃəl]analysis（成分分析）:Componentialanalysisisawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticists[sə'mæntəsist]toanalyzewordmeaning.Theapproachisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.3.Interlanguage（中介语；过渡语）：ProposedbyS.PitCorderandLarrySelinker,theconceptofinterlanguagewasestablishedaslearners’independentsystemofthesecondlanguagewhichisofneitherthenativelanguagenorthesecondlanguage,butacontinuum[kən'tinjuəm]orapproximation[ə.prɔksi'meiʃən]n.接近，近似fromhisnativelanguagetothetargetlanguage.4.Competence&performance(语言能力和语言行为)：Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.5.Context（语境）:Thenotionofcontextisessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.Itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer,suchasculturalbackground,situation,therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehearer,etc.6.LanguageAcquisition(语言习得)：Languageacquisitionreferstothechild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue,i.e.howthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.7.Sapir-WhorfHypothesis[hai'pɔθisis]（萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说）:SapirandWhorf,proclaimedthatthestructureofthelanguagepeoplehabituallyuseinfluencesthewaystheythinkandbehave.SapirandWhorfbelievethatlanguagefilters过滤people’sperception感官，观念andthewaytheycategorize分类experiences.Thisinterdependence互相依赖oflanguageandthoughtisnowknownasSapir-WhorfHypothesis.8.LanguageAcquisitionDevice(语言习得机制)：ThelinguistNoamChomskyclaimsthathumanbeingsarebiologically[baiə'lɔdʒikli]生物学地programmedforlanguageandthatthelanguagedevelopsinthechildjustasotherbiologicalfunctionssuchaswalking.OriginallyChomskyreferredtothisinnate天生的abilityasLanguageAcquisitionDevice,(alsoknownasLAD).二．论述题1.Whatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?(1)Thenamingtheory命名论Oneoftheoldestnotionsconcerningmeaning,andalsothemostprimitiveone,wasthenamingtheoryproposedbytheancientGreekscholarPlato.Theviewholdsthatwordsarejustnamesorlabels称谓forthings.(2)Theconceptualistview概念论Thisviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto(i.e.betweenlanguageandtherealworld);rather,intheinterpretation解释ofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.(3)Contextualism语境论Theviewholdsthatmeaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context—elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehaviour.(4)Behaviorism行为主义论Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthe“situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforth唤起，引起inthehearer”.(Bloomfield)2.AccordingtoAustin,whatarethethreeactsapersonispossiblyperformingwhilemakinganutterance.Giveanexample.AccordingtoAustin,aspeakermightbeperformingthreeactswhenspeaking:locutionary[ləu'kju:ʃənəri]act(言内行为),illocutionaryact(言外行为),andperlocutionaryact.(言后行为)Alocutionaryactistheactofutteringwords,phrasesandclauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.Anillocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.Aperlocutionaryactistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance;itistheactperformedbysayingsomething.Forexample:“Youhaveleftthedoorwideopen.”Thelocutionaryactisthesayingofitwithitsliteralmeaning:youhaveleftthedooropen.Theillocutionaryactcanbearequestofthehearertoclosethedoor,ormakingacomplaint,dependingonthecontext.Theperlocutionaryactreferstotheeffectoftheutterance.Itcanbethehearer’sclosingthedoororhisrefusaltocomplywiththerequest.3.WhatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguagethathavebeenspecifiedbyC.Hocketttoshowthatitisessentiallydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystem?Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.(1)Arbitrariness(任意性)Thismeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.However,languageisnotentirearbitrary;certainwordsaremotivated.Somecompoundwordsarealsonotentirelyarbitrary.Butnon-arbitrarywordsmakeuponlyasmallpercentageofthevocabularyofalanguage.(2)Productivity(能产性)Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.(3)Duality（二层性）Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerorthebasiclevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofthesystem.Thisdualityofstructureoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.(4)Displacement（移位性）Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.(5)Culturaltransmission（文化传承性）Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,bu