英语语言学教程Chapter 2 PPT

Chapter2SpeechSoundsTeachingaims:Letthestudentshavethegeneralideaaboutphoneticsandphonology.Teachingdifficulties:Mannerofarticulation(发音方法）;Placeofarticulation（发音部位）;Thecriteriaofvoweldescription（元音的描述）;Broadandnarrowtranscription（宽式/窄式标音）;allophone（音位变体）;minimalpairs（最小对立位）;assimilation（同化）Questionsforthestudents:Doyouknowthathumanbeingsarecapableofmakingallkindsofsounds,butonlysomeofthesesoundshavebecomeunitsinthelanguagesystem?DoyouknowthenumberofvowelsandconsonantsinEnglish?OnPage24:SpeechProduction---------------------→SpeechPerceptionSpeechTransmission(SoundWaves)Speechproductionandperception(P.24)Inaconversation:TopicSpeakerASpeakerBSpeakerCAspeakercanarticulatethespeechsounds.Thespeechsoundscanbetransmittedandreceivedbythelistener.2.1SpeechOrgans(P.25-26)SpeechOrgans(Chineseversion)Thefollowingorgansareinvolvedinspeechproduction:Mouth,Trachea[trә’ki:ә],Throat,Nose,lungs（肺，气管，喉，鼻，口）InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)(p.27-28)1.2TheIPAIn1886,thePhoneticTeachers’AssociationwasinauguratedbyasmallgroupoflanguageteachersinFrancewhohadfoundthepracticeofphoneticsusefulintheirteachingandwishedtopopularizetheirmethods.ItwaschangedtoitspresenttitleoftheInternationalPhoneticAssociation(IPA)in1897.OneofthefirstactivitiesoftheAssociationwastoproduceajournalinwhichthecontentswereprintedentirelyinphonetictranscription.TheideaofestablishingaphoneticalphabetwasfirstproposedbytheDanishgrammarianandphoneticianOttoJespersen(1860-1943)in1886,andthefirstversionoftheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(theIPAchart)waspublishedinAugust1888.Itsmainprincipleswerethatthereshouldbeaseparateletterforeachdistinctivesound,andthatthesamesymbolshouldbeusedforthatsoundinanylanguageinwhichitappears.ThealphabetwastoconsistofasmanyRomanalphabetlettersaspossible,usingnewlettersanddiacriticsonlywhenabsolutelynecessary.Theseprinciplescontinuetobefollowedtoday.PhonetictranscriptionWhydopeopleneedphonetictranscription?1.TherearemanyaccentsofEnglishusedbypeoplefromdifferentregions.2.Thedivergencebetweenspellingandpronunciationbecomesgreater.Whatisthedefinition?Phonetictranscriptionisasetofsymbolspeopleusetorecordthesoundsofthewritingsystemofthelanguage.Theinternationalphoneticalphabet(P.28)Onpage28,studentsneedtopayattentiontotwotables.2.2Consonantsandvowels(p.29-37)Consonantsaresoundsmadebyaclosureornarrowinginthevocaltractsothattheairflowiseithercompletelyblocked,orsorestrictedthataudiblefrictionisproduced.Avowelisproducedwithoutsuch“stricture”sothat‘airescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthandnose.”(Crystal,1997:154)Mannerofarticulation(发音方法p.30)Thereareseveralbasicwaysinwhicharticulationcanbeaccomplished:Thearticulatorsmaycloseofftheoraltractforaninstantorarelativelylongperiod;Theymaynarrowthespaceconsiderably;Theymaysimplymodifytheshapeofthetractbyapproachingeachother.（你知道人们可以这样发音吗？发音器官暂时或相对长时间地关闭口腔通道；发音器官空间缩小了；发音器官还可以互相贴近并且形成不同形状的通道；）Stop(Plosive)（塞音，爆破音）[p,b,t,d,k,g]Completeclosureofthearticulatorssothattheairstreamcannotescapethroughthemouth.Nasalstop[m,n,ŋ]Iftheairisstoppedintheoralcavitybutthesoftpalatedownsothatitcangooutthroughthenasalcavity.Fricative（磨擦音）[f,v,θ,ð,s,z,∫,ʒ,h]Thereiscontinuousfrictionattheplaceofarticulation.Theairstreamispartiallyobstructedandturbulentairflowisproduced.Approximants（通音/滑音）[w,r,j]Onearticulatorisclosetoanother,butwithoutthevocaltractbeingnarrowedtosuchanextentthataturbulentairstreamisproduced.Lateral（边音/舌边音）[l]IncompleteclosurebetweenoneorbothsidesofthetongueandtheroofofthemouthAffricate（塞擦音）[ʧ,ʤ]Affricatesconsistofastopfollowedimmediatelyafterwardsbyafricativeatthesameplaceofarticulation.Placeofarticulation(发音部位p.31-32)ThepointwhereaconsonantismadeConsonantsmaybeproducedatpracticallyanyplacebetweenthelipsandthevocalfolds.1.Bilabial（双唇音）:Theupperlipandthelowerlipareinvolvedintheproductionofsounds.[b,p,m,w]2.Labiodental（唇齿音）:Thelowerlipandtheupperfrontteethareinvolvedintheproductionofsounds.[f,v]3.Dental（齿音）:Thetipofthetongueandthetheupperfrontteethareinvolvedinsoundproduction.[ð,ө]4.Alveolar（齿龈音）:madewiththetipofthetongueorbladeandthealveolarridgeareinvolvedinthesoundproduction.[t,d,n,s,z,r,l]5.Postalveolar（后齿龈音）:madewiththetipofthetongueandthebackofthealveolarridge.[∫,ʒ]6.Retroflex（卷舌音）:madewiththetonguecurledbacktofacethepalate(tonguecurledsotipofundersidetouchestheroofofthemouth)[r]7.Palatal（腭音）:madewiththefrontofthetongueandthehardpalate.[j]8.Velar（软腭音）:madewiththebackofthetongueandthesoftpalate.[k,g,ŋ]9.Glottal（声门音）:madewiththetwopiecesofvocalfoldspushedtowardseachother.[h]AchartofEnglishconsonants(p.35)Onpage35TheconsonantsofEnglishcanbedescribedinthefollowingway:[p]voicelessbilabialstop[b]voicedbilabialstop[s]voicelessalveolarfricative[z]voicedalveolarfricativeVowels(p.33)Inphonetics,avowelisasoundinspokenlanguagethatischaracterizedbyanopenconfigurationofthevocaltract,incontrasttoconsonants,whicharecharacterizedbyaconstrictionorclosureatoneormorepointsalongthevocaltract.Thecriteriaofvoweldescription(P.33)Fourcriteriatodistinguishbetweenvowels:1.theheightoftonguer