74exposition

DefinitionExpositionmeansexpondingorexplaining.Anexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething.Theprocessofmakingamaching;Thecausesofaphenomenon;Theplanningofaproject;ThesolutionofaproblemDifferencefromothertypesofwritingDescription:appearance&feelingNarration:events&experienceExposition:Processes&relationships(how)UniqueFeaturesmayClarityFluencyLogicHowtoachieveclarity?1.limitthesubjectorscopeofdiscussion;2.prepareenoughdetailsorexamples;3.presentthefactsandviewsinproperorder;4.payattentiontotheaccuracyandclarityofwordsandsentences;5.maketheexpositioninterestingormoving.MethodsofOrganizationIllustration举例写法Division&Classification分类Comparision&contrast比较和对比Ananalysisofcauses&effects因果分析Definition下定义1.IllustrationIllustrationistheuseofdetailedandconcreteexamplestoexplainanabstractpoint,andtopersuadeorconvincethereader.ExperienceDirectExperienceIndirectExperiencePrinciplesAwiseselectionofsufficientexamples:typical,interesting,&relevant.Anexpertarrangementoftheseexamples:grouping;climacticallyTopicsforPracticeDillegenceinStudySelf-sacrificingSpiritOptimisminLifeAssignmentTheAdvantagesofBeingYoungWriteanexpositionin200-300words.2.Division&ClassicificationTheyaretwowaysofsorting.Dividionisusedtodealwithonething.Purpose:toseparateathingintopartsStress:ondistinction;dealwithwholeClassicificationisusedtoorganizethingswhichsharecertainqualities.Purpose:groupthingssystematicallyStress:onsimilarities;dealwithpartsPrinciples(1).Chooseanappropriateprincipleofdivision/classicificationsuitedtoyourpurpose.Besurethatyourprincipleofdivision/classificationisinterestingandsignificant.(2).Applyyourprincipleconsistentlyandthoroughly,andavoidoverclapping.TopicsforPractice1.WhyStudentsLikeSurfingtheInternet2.WhatStudentsBenefitfromBusinessPractice3.WhyStudentsPreferStudyingAbroadGroupWorkComparison&Contrast比较和对比Acomparisonexplainshowthingsaresimilar.Acontrastexplainshowthingsaredifferent.Apapermaydealentirelywithsimilaritiesorwithdifferences.Howevertheyoftengotogetherinanessay,withstressononeortheother.ThreePurposes1.topresentinformationaboutsomethingunfamiliarbycomparingitwithsomethingfamiliar.2.toshowthesuperiorityofonethingbycomparingitwithanother.3.toshowthereaderofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesoftwothingstohelpthereaderunderstandorevaluatethem.Principles1.Onlyitemsofthesamegeneralclasscanbecomparedorcontrasted.Generally,comparisonsaremadebetweentwoseeminglydifferentitems,andcontrastsbetweentwoseeminglysimilaritems.(singnificance)2.Twopatternsofcomparisonorcontrast:subject-by-subjectpattern:分别比较a.Inshortessaysb.Fewaspectsareconsidered;c.Thewriter’sinterestisinthewhole.point-by-pointpattern：逐点比较a.Inlongessaysb.Manyaspectsarementionedc.Releasetheburdenonreaders’memory.3.Thecomparisonorcontrastshouldbebalanced.Subject-by-subject:Ⅰ.A.B.C.DⅡ.A.B.C.DTransitionalwords:like/unlike,as,insteadof,comparedwith,incontrastto/withPoint-by-point:consistentorder&consistentarrangementofparagraphsTransitionsIncomparison:both,each,atthesametime,similarly,like,likewise,as,too,also,comparedwith.Incontrast:ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,incontrast(with/to),instead(of),theopposite(of),unlike,although,while,whereas,but,however,yet,andnevertheless.4.Thecomparisonorcontrastshouldbesupportedbyconcrete&relevantfacts.5.Acomparison/contrastshowssimilaritiesanddifferencesinordertomakeaparticularpoint.(yourconclusion)Analogy类比Analogyisaspecialkindofcomparison.Insteadofshowingthesimilaritiesbetweentwothingsofthesameclass,analogyshowsthesimilaritiesbetweentwothingsofdifferentclass.Aperson’slifeajourneyGuidelinesforAnalogies1.Thetwoitemsoftheanalogyarenotofthesameclass.2.Oneoftheitemsisusedonlytoexplaintheother.3.Theitemusedtoclarifytheothermustbeonequitefamiliartothereaderandwillthereforehelphimunderstandtheother.4.Ananalogyisusedtosupportaparticularpoint.5.Ananalogyprovidesonlyanewinsightorperspective;itcannotbeusedproveanything.TopicsforPractice1.OurTwoCampuses2.PopularMusicandClassicMusic3.GenerosityandExtravagence4.FriendshipandLove5.LifeandMountain-climbingDefinitionDefinitionisamethodtoexplainatermthatmayhavevariousdenotativeorconnotativemeaningsorshadesofmeaning.Thetermisusuallyabstract,ambiguousorcontroversial.CrucialPoints1.Makeclearthecategoryorclassthetermblongsto.2.Givedefinitionbystressingtheuniquefeatureofthediscussedterm.3.Definitionisdifferentfromdescription.Coalisablackmineralfuelformedbytheprolongedcompressionofdecayedvegetablematter.Coalisahard,black,oftenshinysubstance,whichisextractedfromtheearth.4.Thedefintionshoulbeappliedtoallthecasesorexamplesassociatedwiththetermdiscussed.Aliftisadevicefortakingpeoplefromoneleveltoanother.Aliftisadevicewherebypeopleorobjectsareraisedorloweredverticallyfromoneleveltoanothre.Principles1.Adefinitionpaperdiscussesabstractterms:liberty,equality,beauty,love,socialism,etc.Themeaningsofwhichareoftendifferenttodifferentpeople.2.Adefinitionpaperanswerefully&implicitlythequestion“Whatis...?”Itpresentstheessentialnature&thequalitiesofthediscussedsu