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何元金 陈 宏 陈默轩(清华大学物理系,北京 100084)(:2000-02-21)本文以应用举例介绍了温差发电的原理,对这一领域国际发展状况进行了简要的综述和评论.塞贝克效应;温差发电THERMOELECTRICELECTRICITYGENERATIONANEWGREENENERGYTECHNIQUEHeYuanjinChenHongChenMoxuan(DepartmentofPhysics,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing100084)AbstractInthispapertheprincipleofthermoelectricgeneratorisillustratedwithpracticalapplications.Thestateoftheartofthisfieldisbrieflyreviewed.KeyWordsthermoelectricity;Seebeckeffect12121.,.,,,.,,.,,,,,,,,,.22.1(Seebeck)ABT2(),(T1)(),V(1),(Seebeck),SeebeckT.J.Seebeck(17701831).SeebeckVT,V=sT=s(T2-T1)s,V/K(V/K).Seebeck.Si,,36Vol.10No.220001(Seebeck)Maxwell-Boltzmann,Seebeck.,,,;,,;,(),,,,.,,(10500K),,.,.,NSiSeebeck:s=-ke{ln(Nc/n)+2.5+r+!n}(3)e,kBoltzmann,Nc,n,.r,-12,∀E,∀Er(4),r-1/2,1/2,02/3.!n,05.Ps(3),.1s.1(V/K)Bi2Te3260-270PtypeNtypeSb2Te3133PBi2Se3-77NPbTe380-320PNSi0.80Ge0.20540PB4C250P(1273K),,,,.Z,Z=2s#/k,sSeebeck,#,k.,(ZT),T.60,,.,,,.,,,,.,.,,.(ZT)1.3,..,,(ZT),20.,,37Vol.10No.22000.,(3D),,ZT1.(MBE),(2D)(1D)0.1993,MITM.S.Dresselhaus()[1,2],2D,ZT,.,,[3],CVD[4]MOCVD,[5],.,,[6],(120K),.,,,21.2.22,.P(N),,(),,(),,,(Seebeck).PN,,PN,2(Seebeck)PN(3),,,,.333.1,,,,.(1).38Vol.10No.220004500W..,,..2.2500W0.5kW500W0.5kWJP-4100m,500m30kg(66)38kg(85)2000250,1501.35kg/h(0.46/)0.73kg/h(0.25/)-31+51-31+514500W(2).,,,,5000,.,,5..5(6),,,.,,120W.(3),100W,5%,,1000W.(4)(),,,,50%,,,.39Vol.10No.220006,,,.,..,,,.,.7TYK,∃-FeSi2,1.45W,.8.1,180370,60,000Nm3/,160kW.3.2.7TYK.80,5001000W,80.,10km,1W,10,,,.1976.1993(),,,35,,,,.,,..,,,MIT,,,,35.40Vol.10No.220008.,.,,:(1)5%;(2)15;(3);(4)0.40.5/kW(US3.54.0/W),,,.,Nagoya,;Hi-Z,MIT(),MIT,,,,;Gerhard-Mercator;;;;.,IEEE,100200.3.3,,.PN,,,.,,,.,.,,.4(),.,21,.,,,,.[1]L.D.HicksandM.S.Dresslhaus.EffectofQuantum-wellStructuresontheThermoelectricFigureofMe-rit.Phys.Rev.,1993,B47:12727.[2]L.D.HicksandM.S.Dresslhaus.UseofQuantum-(25)41Vol.10No.22000y,(10)(13)(14)(18),r2=y2j,x2=0,z2=0(27)r=-x1i+(y2-y1)j-z1k(28)3(18)(27)(28),(17)B=0I4%iSyz3x21r5-1r3dy1dz1+jSzx3(y2-y1)2r5-1r3dz1dx1+kSxy3z21r5-1r3dx1dy1=0I4%-iSyz1y32dy1dz1-jSzx2y32dz1dx1-kSxy1y32dx1dy1=-0I4%i1y32Syzdy1dz1=-04%1y32iISyzdy1dz1(29)pmB=-04%pmr32(30)[4]pm,peE[3]E=-14%&0per3(31).5,.,.,,,,.,(26)(31).,,.,pm(25)(30).:E=14%&02per3B=04%2pmr32E=-14%&0per3B=-04%pmr32[1].,1998,(3):14.[2]....1996,12:172.[3],.(82)..1982,12:1617.[4],.,1985,(1):27.(41)[1]wellSuperlatticestoObtainAHighFigureofMeritFromNonconventionalThermoelectricMaterials.Appl.Phys.Lett.,1993,63:3230.[3]P.J.Lin-ChungandT.L.Reinecke.Phys.Rev.,1995,B51:13244.[4]R.Kurtetal..Prepatationofiridiumsilicidethinfilmsbymeansofelectronbeamevaporation,Proc.ICT'97.XVIInternationalConferenceonThermoelectrics,1997,303.[5]C.Sunglaeetal..StructuralandThermoelectricPropertiesofMBE-GrownDopedandUndopedBishAlloythinFilms.Proc.ICT'98,XVIIInter.Conf.Thermoelectrics1998,284.[6]Y.Goryachevetal..UniversalSensorforTemper-ature,HeatFlowandPressureMeasurements,ibid,pp264265.25Vol.10No.22000