草原沙漠化问题的一项环境人类学研究以毛乌素沙地北部边缘的B嘎查为例

20084Society28B1,,,(),()2,2,,,:B,2080()(),,:,,2006,173.97,18.12%1/4,,,,,,,,B1,2080,781©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.()(JulianSteward)(RoyRappaport),(Biersack,1999)(:278),:(1),,,(2),(3),,(4),(Kottak,1999),,,2080B,,:88120084©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:,;,20042005A3,B,BA,,,,,B45,65%,10%,25%,B103,565,85%,15%,B16653,8250,72801560(20056)BB75%,,(20),,,,10201,1981©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:,,,B,,,(),,,,,1,(),:1944,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(),(),(2003)(09120084©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.),,,B,,,,,,,,,:(),,,1100(),30,,,,,,,,,,16,,,,,(,2001:191©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.),,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(,1998;,2001),,,,,,,B1,G.(G.Hardin)(thetragedyofthecommons)1:()B,195829120084©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:,,,,,,,G.(G.Hardin,1968),,,,,,,,,,,,,(,1991:3992401)B1983,,,13623,562,130611984,40(),600,,391©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:600,(),,,,,,,,,,,,,1984199410,B,,,,1994,,B(),,,,,49120084©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:,,1,,;,,,:2000,3800,2300,2,180020006140600,600,300,50,450(1)1,(),,,1984,,,,,,,,,591©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:1,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,;,,,,,69120084©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(,2003)(CarolineHumphrey)(DavidSneath)?10,,,,,(Humphrey&Sneath,1999:14)G.,(Ellis)(non2equilibrialgrazingsystems),,,,90,,,;,,B:,,1997,C1;19982001,DE,4;2001,F1;20022003,2003,DG8000,200320041000,3000,90791©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(,);,,,,,,,,:300,100,30,220033000,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,89120084©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:()B2080,,1985,,,,,,(ArturoEscobar):(capitalizationofnature)(KarlPolanyi),,,,,,(Escobar,1999:54255)B1984:121,151,201,301,,!!991©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:(1),,,,;(2):0.2,2025,;(3),,;(4)30,,,,,,:160,8,8,20,20225,20,,,50100,11,,1980,B392,2005,70,,,,,90,B:,90,,,00220084©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:,,,,()(2007:153),,,2080,,,,,,,,2600,10000,70%,40%2000,1000(:2005)2080,,102©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:12101150,11300400,100;118,8,164;110,,8090,80%(,2004:526),,,,,,,,,B8:,;,;,;20220084©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:2::2080,:,,,,,,20,,,?,,:,,,,,,302©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:,;,,2090,(,2002:2)(2004:7),,,,,,,,,,(,1999:190),,,,,:,,,,!,:,,,,40220084©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.[M].,.:.,.2002.[M]..:.,.1991.[M].:..1998.[J].(4).,.2000.[M]..:.,.2002.[M]....2004.[J].(4)..[Z].20032427..2001.[J].(1).,.2001.[J].(3)..2004.[J].(5)..[Z]..20052126..2004.[Z].A.,.2001.[M].:.,.1999.[M]..Biersack,Aletta.1999.Introduction:FromtheNewEcologytotheNewEcologies.AmericanAnthropologist,101(1).Brosius,Peter.1999.AnalysesandInterventions:AnthropologicalEngagementswithEnvironmentalism.CurrentAnthropology,40(3).Escobar,Arturo.1999.AfterNature:StepstoanAnti2essentialistPoliticalEcology.CurrentAnthropology,40(1).Hardin.G.1968.TheTragedyoftheCommons.Science,162.Humphrey,Caroline&DavidSneath.1999,Theendofnomadism.Durham:DukeUniversityPress.Kottak,ConradP.1999.TheNewEcologicalAnthropology.AmericanAnthropologist,101(1).:502©1994-2009ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:actor,pensionprivatization,sociology,vetopointAmericanFamilyinthePostmodernEra:TheoreticalDisputesandEmpiricalStudiesChenXuan173Abstract:Therelationbetweensocialdevelopmentsandfamilypatternchangeshasalwaysbeenafoc