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英语总复习语法系列训练被动语态详解(一)语态分类英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：Theywillbuildanewbridgeovertheriver.(主动)Anewbridgewillbebuiltovertheriver.(被动)(二)被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以give为例，列表如下：一般现在时：am/is/are+given一般过去时：was/were+given一般将来时：shall/willbe+given一般过去将来时：should/wouldbe+given现在进行时：am/is/are+being+given过去进行时：was/were+being+given现在完成时：have/has+been+given(三)被动语态常用的八种时态1.一般现在时：Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthecountry.Theschooldoesn'tallowustoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.2.一般过去时：Theyagreedonthebuildingofanewcarfactorylastmonth.Thestudentsdidn'tforgethislessonseasily.Riceisgrowninthesouthofthecountry.Wearenotallowedtoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.Thebuildingofanewcarfactorywasagreedonlastmonth.Hislessonswerenoteasilyforgotten.3.一般将来时：Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea.Theywillgiveplentyofjobstoschool-leavers.Carswillbesentabroadbysea.Plentyofjobswillbegiventoschool-leavers.5.现在进行时：TheradioisbroadcastingEnglishlessons.Wearepaintingtherooms.6.过去进行时：—Whydidn'ttheydrivethereontime?—Becausetheworkersweremendingtheroad.Thistimelastyearwewereplantingtreeshere.7.现在完成时：Someonehastoldmethesportsmeetmightbeputoff.Wehavebroughtdowntheprice.Englishlessonsarebeingbroadcastedontheradio.Theroomsarebeingpainted.Becusetheroadwasbeingmended.Treeswerebeingplantedherethistimelastyear.Ihavebeentoldthesportsmeetmightbeputoff.Thepricehasbeenbroughtdown.9.含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。Youmusthandinyourcompositionsafterclass.Hecanwriteagreatmanyletterswiththecomputer.Yourcompositionsmustbehandedinafterclass.Agreatmanyletterscanbewrittenwiththecomputerbyhim.(五)主动语态变被动语态的方法（1）Myauntinvitedmetoherdinnerparty.主语谓语宾语→Iwasinvited(bymyaunt)toherdinnerparty.主语谓语宾语（2）Theschoolsetupaspecialclasstohelppoorreaders.→Aspecialclasstohelppoorreaderswassetupintheschool.1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be+过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in+地点名词作状语。(六)语态转换时所注意的问题1.把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。Wehaveboughtanewcomputer.Anewcomputerhasbeenbought.(正确)Anewcomputerhavebeenbought.(错误)2.含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday.如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：Apresentwasgiventomeyesterday.保留宾语注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词to，如：bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell等。Thecupwithmixturewasshowedtotheclass.Mybikewaslenttoher.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词for,如：build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,play,sing等。Mothermademeanewskirt.(Anewskirtwasmadeforme.)Themeatwascookedforus.Somecountrymusicwasplayedforus.有些既不用to也不用for,根据动词与介词的搭配关系。Heaskmeaquestion.(Aquestionwasaskedofme.)PeopleallovertheworldknowtheGreatWall.TheGreatWallisknowntopeopleallovertheworld.(不用by短语)3.由动词+介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：不及物动词+介词，如:agreeto,askfor,laughat,operatedon,listento,lookafter,thinkof,talkabout等。Thepatientisbeingoperatedon.Theproblemissolved.Itneedn'tbetalkedabout.及物动词+副词：如：bringabout,carryout,findout,giveup,handin,makeout,passon,pointout,putaway,putoff,thinkover,turndown,workout,turnout等。Hisrequestwasturneddown.Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather.4.带复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean.→Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean.Shetoldustofollowherinstructions.→Weweretoldtofollowherinstructions.注意：在see,watch,hear,notice,listento,lookat,make,feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar.→Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar.注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如：TomatoeswerefirsttakenbacktoEuropeandpeoplecalledthemloveapples.误：Loveappleswerecalledthem.正：Theywerecalledloveapples.7.当否定句中的宾语是anything,anybody,anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing,nobody,noone作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：Theyhaven'tdoneanythingtomaketheriverclean.误：Anythinghasn'tbeendonetomaketheriverclean.正：Nothinghasbeendonetomaketheriverclean.8.以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用bywhom放在句首：Whowrotethestory?误：Whowasthestorywritten?正：Bywhomwasthestorywritten?11.在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如：据说……Itissaidthat…据报导……Itisreportedthat…据推测……Itissupposedthat…希望……Itishopedthat…众所周知……Itiswellknownthat…普遍认为……Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…有人建议……Itissuggestedthat…1)Itisreportedthatitisgoingtoraintomorrow.2)ItiswellknownthatThomasEdisoninventedtheelectriclamp.在英语语言中，被动语态是极常见的语言现象，人们进行语言交际，离不开对被动语态的使用，熟练掌握被动语态也为下一步学习打下良好的基础，在动词-ing形式，不定式等结构中，都有被动式，都需要运用被动语态的知识去理解。