2.Colonial-America(殖民时期的美国文学)

ColonialAmerica•Atthebeginningoftheseventeenthcentury,thevastcontinentalareathatwastobecometheUnitedStateshadbeenprobedbyEuropeanexplorers.•ThefirstwritingsthatwecallAmericanwerethenarrativesandjournalsofthesettlement.ColonialAmericaI.HistoricalBackgroundII.AmericanPuritanismIV.LiteratureofcolonialAmericaIII.GeneralFeaturesA.NativeAmericanLiteratureB.LiteratureofColonialSettlementsC.LiteratureofEighteenthCenturyI.HistoricalBackground1.Earlyhistory:1)In1492,ChristopherColumbusdiscoveredAmericaandhemistookthenativepeopleonthenewcontinentforIndians.2)In1607,CaptainJohnSmithledsomeEnglishmenacrosstheocean.3)In1620,102passengerssailedontheshipMayfloweracrosstheseaandsettledonthenewcontinent“NewEngland”shoreatPlymouthWhatdoyouknowaboutAmericanearlyhistory?JohnSmithJamestownColonyI.HistoricalBackground2.People:nativeinhabitants:IndiansImmigrantsmostlyfromEurope:Spanish;Dutch;FrenchEnglishimmigrants,Jamestown,Virginia,1607Puritansagroupofreligiouspeopleadvocatedreligious&moralprinciplesI.HistoricalBackground3.Belief---Puritanism•Puritanswantedto“purifythechurch”toitsoriginalstate,becausetheythoughtthechurchwascorruptedandhadtoomanyritualsacodeofvaluesaphilosophyoflifeapointofviewCalviniststookrootsintheNewWorldDoctrinesofPuritanstakingreligionasthemostimportantthing;livingforglorifyingGod;believingpredestination（命运天定）,originalsin(原罪，人生下来就是有罪的，因为人类的祖先亚当和夏娃是有罪的),totaldepravity(人类是完全堕落的，所以人要处处小心自己的行为，要尽可能做到最好以取悦上帝),limitedatonement(有限救赎，只有被上帝选中的人才能得到上帝的拯救)Puritans’clothingII.AmericanPuritanismFeaturesofAmericanPuritanidealistdreamtheywouldbuildthenewlandtoanEdenonearth.morepractical,tougherthesevereconditions,struggleforsurvival,preoccupiedwithbusinessandprofits.II.AmericanPuritanismEnduringshapinginfluenceonliterature①BasisofAmericanliteraturewentintothemakingofAmericanliteraturedreamedoflivingunderaperfectorder,workedwithcourage,hopedtobuildanEdenofGardenonearth,facedtheworstoflifewithoptimism.Allliteratureisbasedonamyth–gardenofEden.II.AmericanPuritanism②ContributingtothedevelopmentofSymbolism（象征主义）:atechnique,widelyusedPuritansthoughtthatallthesimpleobjectsexistingintheworldconnoteddeepmeaning.Symbolismmeansusingsymbolsinliteraryworks.Thesymbolmeanssomethingthatrepresentsorstandsforabstractdeepmeaning.II.AmericanPuritanism③Influencingthestyleofliterature:simple,freshanddirect(justasthestyleoftheAuthorizedVersionofHolyBible)WithoutunderstandingofPuritanism,therecanbenogoodunderstandingofAmericancultureandliterature.III.GeneralFeatures•Typesofwriting:diaries,histories,letters,travelaccounts,biographies,etc.•Content:servingeitherGodorcolonialexpansionorboth•Form:imitatingEnglishliterarytraditionsIV.LiteratureofColonialAmericaA.NativeAmericanLiteratureB.LiteratureofColonialSettlementsC.LiteratureoftheEighteenthCenturyA.NativeAmericanLiterature•1.Nativepeople—Indians•2.Oralliterature:sacredstories,folktales,andtribaltraditions,andnarrativeaccountsofgodsandheroes.•3.Changesoftheirliterature:traditionaltransitionalmodernB.LiteratureofColonialSettlements•aliteraryexpressionofthePuritanidealism•Typesofwriting:diaries,histories,letters,travelaccounts,biographies,etc.•Majorfigures:JohnSmith,WilliamBradford,AnneBradstreet,RogerWilliams,EdwardTaylor,ThomasPaine,PhilipFreneauetc.BasedontheBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEden•MajorFigures:•JohnSmith•WilliamBradford布拉德福德•JohnWinthrop温斯罗普•AnneBradstreet安妮·布拉德斯特里特•EdwardTaylor泰勒•RogerWilliams•JohnWoolman伍尔夫•ThomasPaine潘恩•PhilipFreneau佛瑞诺B.LiteratureofColonialSettlementsTheFirstAmericanWriterFordefendingthehandlingofthesettlementandproclaimingthemeritsofthenewland,CaptainJohnSmithwroteseriesofbooks,andthushebecamethefirstAmericanwriter.TheFirstAmericanWriterSmithpublisheightbooksinall,butpeopleweremorewillingtousehismapsratherthanreadhisadventures.TheythoughthehadtoomuchcolorandflamboyanceforsoberPuritantaste.《风中奇缘》JohnSmith’sWork•Smith’sGeneralHistoryofVirginiacontainshismostfamoustaleofhowtheIndianPrincessPocahontassavedhimfromthewrathofherfatherPowhatanbylayingherheaduponSmith’swhentheIndianswereabouttobeatouthisbrains.WilliamBradford•OfPlymouthPlantationRecords《普利茅斯种植园史》•Amasterfulaccountoftheseparatistcolony,thesecondpermanentEnglishsettlementinPlymouth.AnneBradstreet•thefirstAmericanwomanpoet;•aPuritanpoet,oncecalled“TenthMuse”;•herpoemsmainlyaboutreligiousexperience,familylifeandearlysettlers’lives;•mostfamouspoems—“Contemplations”《沉思录》Contemplations-------AnneBradstreet•Iheardthemerrygrasshopperthensing.•Theblack-cladcricketbearasecondpart;•Theykeptonetuneandplayedonthesamestring,•Seemingtogloryintheirlittleart,•Shallcreaturesabjectthustheirvoicesraise•AndintheirkindresoundtheirMaker’spraise,•WhilstI,asmutecanwarbleforthnohigherlays?我听见蚱蜢在欢快地歌唱。黑翼的蟋蟀也附和出接下来的乐章；它们整齐列队，协调着彼此的曲调和唱腔，在这小小的艺术天国，它们似乎光荣无上。其他生物都低声无语，因而它们的歌声显得分外的高昂。在那亲切的回响里，它们将造物主赞扬，可此时，哑然的我难道还能向着前方，宛转地唱出更高层次的绝响？EdwardTaylor•ameditativepoetwritinghispoemswithvividimageryasamentalexercise.•Theconcerninhisworks:howhisimagesspeakforGod.•“Housewifery”《家务》theauthorswhocalledforindependence•RogerWilliams:“TheBloodyTenetofPersecut