语言学教程13-Design-Features-of-Language

13DesignFeaturesofLanguageByCharlesFrancisHockett1.Arbitrariness2.Productivity3.Duality4.Displacement5.TraditionalTransmission13DesignFeaturesofLanguage6.Vocal-AuditoryChannel7.Broadcasttransmissionanddirectionalreception8.RapidFading(transitoriness)9.Interchangeability10.TotalFeedback11.Specialization12.Semanticity13.DiscretenessPartVocal-AuditoryChannel语音-听觉通道Vocal-AuditoryChannelMuchofhumanlanguageisperformedusingthevocaltractandauditorychannel.Hockettviewedthisasanadvantageforhumanprimatesbecauseitallowedfortheabilitytoparticipateinotheractivitieswhilesimultaneouslycommunicatingthroughspokenlanguage.PartBroadcasttransmissionanddirectionalreception广泛传输以及定向接受BroadcasttransmissionanddirectionalreceptionAllhumanlanguagecanbeheardifitiswithinrangeofanotherperson’sauditorychannel.Additionally,alistenerhastheabilitytodeterminethesourceofasoundbybinauraldirectionfinding.PartRapidFading(transitoriness)快速衰退（短暂性）RapidFading(transitoriness)Waveformsofhumanlanguagedissipateovertimeanddonotpersist.Ahearercanonlyreceivespecificauditoryinformationatthetimeitisspoken.PartInterchangeability互换性InterchangeabilityApersonhastheabilitytobothspeakandhearthesamesignal.Anythingthatapersonisabletohear,theyhavetheabilitytoreproducethroughspokenlanguage.PartTotalFeedback全部反馈TotalFeedbackAspeakerhastheabilitytohearthemselvesspeak.Throughthis,theyareabletomonitortheirspeechproductionandinternalizewhattheyareproducingthroughlanguage.PartSpecialization专业性SpecializationHumanlanguagesoundsarespecializedforcommunication.Whendogspantitistocoolthemselvesoff,whenhumansspeakitistotransmitinformation.PartSemanticity语义性SemanticityThisreferstotheideathatspecificsignalscanbematchedwithaspecificmeaning.PartDiscreteness离散性DiscretenessPhonemescanbeplacedindistinctcategorieswhichdifferentiatethemfromoneanother,suchasthedistinctsoundof/p/versus/b/.