lawrence劳伦斯作品赏析和英国现代主义文学简介

Chapter5TheModernPeriodI.ModernperiodItisfromthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyandtheearlydecadesofthe20thcentury.II.BackgroundThecatastrophicFirstWorldWartremendouslyweakenedtheBritishEmpireandbroughtaboutgreatsufferingstoitspeopleaswell.ThepostwareconomicdislocationandspiritualdisillusionproducedaprofoundimpactupontheBritishpeople,whocametoseetheprevalentwretchednessincapitalism.1.TheinfluencesofthetwoWorldWarsonBritainTheSecondWorldWarmarkedthelaststageofthedisintegrationoftheBritishEmpire.Britainsufferedheavylossesinthewar:thousandsofpeoplewerekilled;theeconomywasruined;andalmostallitsformercolonieswerelost.Theoncesun-never-setEmpirefinallycollapsed.III.CulturebackgroundAlltheseradicalchangesgaverisetoallkindsofphilosophicalideasinWesternEurope.Inthemid-19thcentury,a.KarlMarxandEngelsputforwardthetheoryofscientificsocialism,whichnotonlyprovidedaguidingprinciplefortheworkingpeople,butalsoinspiredthemtomakedauntlessfightsfortheirownemancipation.b.Darwin’stheoryofevolutionexertedastronginfluenceuponthepeople,causingmanytolosetheirreligiousfaith.“survivalofthefittest.”c.Einstein’stheoryofrelativityprovidedentirelynewideasfortheconceptsoftimeandspace.d.Freud’sanalyticalpsychologydrasticallyalteredourconceptionofhumannature.e.ArthurSchopenhauer,apessimisticphilosopher,startedarebellionagainstrationalism,stressingtheimportanceofwillandintuition.德国哲学家亚瑟.叔本华的悲观主义与反理性哲学强调了人的意愿与直觉的重要性。f.FriedrichNietzschewentfurtheragainstrationalismbyadvocatingthedoctrinesofpowerandsupermanandbycompletelyrejectingtheChristianmorality.尼采继承了叔本华的理论后，更进一步的反叛理性主义与基督教精神，推崇强权与霸权。g.HenryBergsonestablishedhisirrationalphilosophy,whichputtheemphasisoncreation,intuition,irrationalityandunconsciousness.亨利.伯格森在前人基础上创立了非理性哲学，强调创造力，直觉，非理性与无意识。h.Modernismroseoutofskepticismanddisillusionofcapitalism.i.Frenchsymbolism,appearinginthelate19thcentury.j.AftertheFirstWorldWar,allkindsofliterarytrendsofmodernismappeared:expressionism,surrealism,futurism,Dadaism,imagismandstreamofconsciousness.一战后，所有的现代主义文学潮流都产生了：表现主义（强调自我表现，反对艺术的目的性），超现实主义，未来主义，达达主义（颓废派文艺），意象主义以及意识流等等。AftertheSecondWorldWar，avarietyofmodernism，orpost-modernism，likeexistentialistliterature，theateroftheabsurd，newnovelsandblackhumor,rosewiththespuroftheexistentialistideathattheworldwasabsurd，andthehumanlifewasanagony.二战后，另一种形式的现实主义，即后现代主义，比如存在主义文学，荒诞派戏剧，新小说及黑色幽默，如雨后春笋涌现出来，其理论基础便是存在主义所讲的“世界是荒谬的，人生则是巨大的痛苦”。IV.ModernismItisareactionagainstrealism.Itrejectsrationalismwhichisthetheoreticalbaseofrealism;itexcludesfromitsmajorconcerntheexternal,objective,materialworld,whichistheonlycreativesourceofrealism;byadvocatingafreeexperimentationonnewformsandnewtechniquesinliterarycreation,1.Thedefinition2.ThebasicphilosophyorcharacteristicsofModernismModernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.Themajorthemesofthemodernistliteraturearethedistorted，alienatedandillrelationships（被扭曲的，渐渐疏远的，病态的关系。）betweenmanandnature，manandsociety，manandman,andmanandhimself.Modernismis,inmanyaspects，areactionagainstrealism.Itrejectsrationalism,whichisthetheoreticalbaseofrealism；V.StreamofconsciousnessInhisopinion,theartist,whowantstoreachthehigheststageandtogaintheinsightsnecessaryforthecreationofdramaticart,shouldrisetothepositionofagodlikeobjectivity;heshouldhavethecompleteconsciouscontroloverthecreativeprocessanddepersonalize(使失去个性）hisownemotionintheartisticcreation.Heshouldappearasanomniscientauthorandpresentunspokenmaterialsdirectlyfromthepsycheofthecharacters,ormakethecharacterstelltheirowninnerthoughtsinmonologues.Thisliteraryapproachtothepresentationofpsychologicalaspectsofcharactersisusuallytermedas“streamofconsciousness”.VI.Mainwriters:A.GeorgeBernardShaw乔治.萧伯纳(1856-1950)abrilliantdramatist,Shawisconsideredtobethebest-knownEnglishdramatistsinceShakespeare.萧伯纳在戏剧方面被公认为自莎士比亚后，英国最优秀的戏剧大师。Mainworks:CashelByron'sProfession《卡歇尔。拜伦的职业》Widowers'House《鳏夫的房产》Mrs.Warren'sProfession《沃伦夫人的职业》ManandSuperman《人与超人》TooTruetoBeGood《难以置信》B.JohnGalsworthy(1867-1933)约翰.高尔斯华绥Hewasbornintoanupper-middleclassfamily.Mainworks:FromtheFourWinds《来自四位吹奏者》(shortstories)TheSilverBox《银盒》TheForsyteSaga:(hisfirsttrilogy第一部费尔塞特世家三部曲TheManofProperty《财主》;InChancer《骑虎难下》ToLet《出租》)AModernComedy《现代喜剧》EndoftheChapter《篇章末尾》C:WilliamButlerYeats(1865-1939)威廉.巴特勒.叶芝HewasbornintoanAnglo-IrishProtestantfamilyinDublin.HewasawardedNobelPrizeforliterature.Mainworks:TheLakeIsleofInnisfree《伊尼斯弗利的湖中沙洲》TheManWhoDreamedofFaeryland.《梦见仙境的人》NoSecondTroy《没有第二个特洛伊》September1913SailingtoByzantium《驶向拜占庭》Onceoutofnature《一旦脱离凡尘》Monumentsofunagingintellect《长青知识的纪念碑》Artificeofeternity《永恒的世界》Ofwhatispast,orpassing,ortocome《为过去现在将来歌唱》LedaandtheSwan《丽达及天鹅》TheCountessCathleen《凯瑟琳伯爵夫人》TheLandofHeart’sDesire《心欲的土地》TheShadowyWaters《布满影荫的水城》Purgatory《炼狱》D.T.S.Eliot(1888-1965)乔治.艾略特HefirststudiedatSmithAcademyinhishometown,thenatHarvardwhereheconcentratedhisenergiesonstudyingphilosophyandlogic.ThestudyinFrance,GermanyandOxford.EditoroftheTheEgoistandTheCriterion.HerewardedtheNobelPrizeandtheOrderofMeritin1948