搜索
Chapter2Edwards·Franklin·CrevecoeurHistoricalBackgroundforthe18thC.•Puritanism(stilldominating)•Deism(acompromisebetweenscienceandreligion)•TheenlightenmentmovementinFranceandEngland(BenjaminFranklin)•The“GreatAwakening”in1730sand1740s(JonathanEdwards)JonathanEdwards(1703-1758)•BorninaveryreligiousNewEnglandfamily,EdwardsdevotedhislifetomakingpeoplebelieveinthepowerofGodandthedepravityofmanandman’sneedtocommunicatewiththeHolySpirittoreceiveGod’sgrace.ManofGodJonathanEdwards•Status:apuritanwriter,theologian,colonialAmericanpreacherandmissionarytoNativeAmericans•Comments:Edwards“iswidelyacknowledgedtobeAmerica'smostimportantandoriginalphilosophicaltheologian”.HeisknownasoneofthegreatestandmostprofoundofAmericantheologiansandrevivalists.(bornforreligionanddiedforscience)thefirstmodernAmericanandthecountry’slastmedievalman•Criticism:Hisworkisverybroadinscope,butheisoftenassociatedwithhisdefenseofCalvinisttheology,themetaphysicsoftheologicaldeterminism,andthePuritanheritage.Hisfamoussermon“SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod,”emphasizedthejustwrathofGodagainstsinandcontrasteditwiththeprovision（神职的委任）ofGodforsalvation;theintensityofhispreachingsometimesresultedinmembersoftheaudiencefainting,swooning,andothermoreobtrusivereactions.JonathanEdwardsRepresentativeworks:•TheFreedomoftheWill•TheGreatDoctrineofOriginalSinDefended•TheNatureofTrueVirtue•“PersonalNarrative”•“SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod”Enlightenment(启蒙运动)•OriginatedinEuropeinthe17thcentury•Resources:Newton’stheory;deism（自然神教派，宗教与启蒙精神相结合的产物）;Frenchphilosophy(Rousseau,Voltaire)•Basicprinciples:stressingeducation;stressingReason(Order)(TheagehasbeencalledAgeofReason);employingReasontoreconsiderthetraditionsandsocialrealities;concernsforcivilrights,suchasequalityandsocialjustice•Representatives:BenjaminFranklin,ThomasPaine,ThomasJeffersonetc.•Influenceonliterature–Inform:imitatingEnglishclassical（古典主义）writers–Incontent:utilitarian(功利主义)tendencyforpoliticaloreducationalpurpose)BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)ManofActionI.BriefIntroduction•SymbolofAmericaintheAgeofEnlightenment•TheonlyAmericantosignallthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtheUnitedStates:theDeclarationofIndependence,thetreatyofalliancewithFrance,thetreatyofpeacewithEngland,andtheconstitution.•aprinter,postmaster,almanacmaker,essayist,scientist,orator,statesman,philosopher,politicaleconomist,ambassador,parlorman—“Jackofalltrades,masterofeachandmasteredbynone”(HermanMelville)•bornintoapoorcandlemaker’sfamily;littleformaleducation;publishessaysat16;runtoPhiladelphiaat17tomakehisfortune;•Publicservice:helpedfoundPennsylvaniaHospitalandAmericanPhilosophicalSocietyfoundedtheUniversityofPenn.improvedthepostalsystemsupportedthecauseofindependenceaidedJeffersoninwritingtheDeclarationofIndependencegainedhelpfromFrance•Scientificachievements:inventionstheoriesofelectricity•Asamajorwriter:PoorRichard’sAlmanacAutobiography1.PoorRichard’sAlmanac1.Time:almostaquarterofacentury2.Content:Literarypiecessuchaspoemsandessays,agoodmanyadages,common-sensewitticisms3.Sources:heborrowedthemfromsuchfamouswriterssuchasRabelais,Defoe,SwiftandPopeandtriedtosimplifythesequotations4.Examples:Famoussayingssuchas“Losttimeisneverfoundagain”,“Godhelpsthosethathelpthemselves”,“Fishandvisitorsstinkinthreedays”,etc..5.Function:practical,instructive,andamusing•ForAgeandWant,savewhileyoumay;•NoMorningSunlastsawholeday.•Apennysavedisapennyearned.•Theusedkeyisalwaysbright.•Ifyoulovelife,donotwastetime,forthat’swhatlifeismadeof.•Onetodayisworthtwotomorrows.•Asmallleakwillsinkagreatship.•Therearenogains,withoutapains•Eattolive,notlivetoeat•Ifyouwouldknowthevalueofmoney,goandtrytoborrowsome.•Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.•Timeismoney•AlifeofleisureandalifeoflazinessaretwothingsMoreExamples2.AutobiographyFourpartswrittenatdifferenttimes;65yearsoldwhenhebegantowriteit,beganthegenreofautobiographyinAmericanlit.Asimpleyetfascinatingrecordofaman’ssuccess.AfaithfulaccountofthecolorfulcareerofAmerica’sfirstself-mademan.PartOne:letterstohissonPartTwo:givingamoredetailedaccountofhispubliclibraryplanPartThree:discussingtheRiseandProgressofFranklinPhilosophicalReputationPartFour:thissectionisverybrief(aboutpoliticaladvocations)contents•aninspiringaccountofapoorboy’srisetoahighposition.Itisahow-to-do-itbook,oneontheartofself-improvement;•coveredhislifeonlyuntil1757whenhewas51yearsold;•describedhislifeasashrewdandindustriousbusinessman;•narratedhowheownedtheconstantfelicityofhislife,hislong-continuedhealthandacquisitionoffortune.1)asaPuritandocumentwitharecordofself-analysisandself-improvement:13Virtues2)asanelucidationofFranklin’sidentityasaspokesmanfortheAgeofEnlightenment:Manbynatureisgoodandfree;arecordofthefulfilmentoftheAmericandream;thespiritofself-relianceandself-improvement3)asanexemplaryillustrationofAmericanstyleofwriting:simplicity,directness,concision,lucidnarrative,etc.4)Tone:OptimisticTheAmericandreambeganwiththesettlementoftheAmericancontinent--thepromisedland--theGardenofEden--optimisticaboutthefuture.CommentsFranklin'sautobiogra