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1.CaptainJohnSmithbecamethefirstAmericanwriter.2.Thepuritanslookeduponthemselvesasachosenpeople.3.ThefirstmajorintellectualspokesmanoftheMassachusettsBaycolonywasJohnCotton,sometimescalled“thePatriarchofNewEngland.”4.AnneBradstreetpublishedTheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica,andshewasnicknamedthetenthMuse.5.PoorRichard’sAlmanacisanannualcollectionofproverbswrittenbyBenjaminFranklin.6.ThomasPaine’sfamouspamphletCommonSenseboldlyadvocateda“DeclarationforIndependence”.7.ThomasJeffersondraftedtheDeclarationofIndependencewithJohnAdams,BenjaminFranklin,RogerSherman,andRobertLivingston.8.PhilipFreneaudevelopedanatural,simple,andconcretediction,bestillustratedinsuchnaturelyricsas“TheWildHoneySuckle”and“TheIndianBuryingGround”.9.PhilipFreneauhasbeencalledthe“FatherofAmericanPoetry”.10.InWashingtonIrving’sSketchBookappearedthefirstmodernshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliterature.11.Cooper’senduringfamerestsonhisfrontierstories,especiallythefivenovelsthatcomprisetheLeatherstockingtales.12.“ToaWaterfowl”isperhapsthepeakofWilliamCullenBryant’swok.13.“Thanatopsis”,WilliamCullenBryant’sbest-knownpoem,consistsoffourstanzasiniambictetrameterabab.Thetitlemeans“viewofdeath”.14.EdgarAllanPoeisconsidered“fatherofAmericandetectivestoriesandAmericangothicstories”.15.Emersonbelievedaboveallinindividualism,independenceofmind,andself-reliance.16.InWalden,Thoreauthoughtitbetterforamantoworkonedayaweekandrestsix,andtherestofthetimecouldbedevotedtothought.17.Hawthorne’sstoriestouchthedeepestrootsofman’smoralnature.18.MobyDickisatremendouschronicleofawhalingvoyageinpursuitofaseeminglysupernaturalwhitewhale.19.Afterhisdeath,LongfellowbecametheonlyAmericantobehonoredwithabustinthePoet’sCornerofWestminsterAbbey.20.HarrietBeecherStowe,theauthorofUncleTom’sCabin,hadbecomeanAmericaninstitutionandthemostfamousliterarywomanintheworld.21.WilliamDeanHowellsfoundhissubjectmatterintheexperiencesoftheAmericanmiddleclass.22.WilliamDeanHowellscalledforthetreatmentofthe“smilingaspectsoflife”asbeingthemore“American.”23.Thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thattheirliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandtheenvironment.24.ThepoeticstyleWaltWhitmandevisedisnowcalledfreeverse.25.O·Henry’sstoriesareusuallyshortandinteresting;Famousfortheirsurprisingend.26.HenryJamesisfamousforhisinternationalthemeofthetraditionlessAmericanconfrontingthecomplexityofEuropeanlife.27.JackLondonbelievedintheinevitabletriumphofthestrongestindividuals.28.Dreiser’sgreatestandmostsuccessfulnovel,AnAmericanTragedy,isaboutayoungmanwhoactsasiftheonlywayhecanbetrulyfulfilledisbyacquiringwealth—throughmarriageifnecessary.29.Writersofthefirstpostwareraself-consciouslyacknowledgedthattheywerea“LostGeneration,”devoidoffaithandalienatedfromacivilization.30.WallaceStevens’workisprimarilymotivatedbythebeliefthat“ideasoforder”.31.WiththepublicationofTheSunAlsoRises,HemingwaybecamethespokesmanforwhatGertrudeSteinhadcalled“alostgeneration.”Terms1.TranscendentalismTranscendentalismreferstothereligiousandphilosophicaldoctrinesofRalphWaldoEmersonandothersinNewEnglandinthemiddle1800’s,whichemphasizedtheimportanceofindividualinspirationandintuition,theOversoul,andNature.OtherconceptsthataccompaniedTranscendentalismincludetheideathatnatureisennoblingandtheideathattheindividualisdivineand,therefore,self-reliant.NewEnglandTranscendentalismistheproductofacombinationofnativeAmericanPuritanismandEuropeanRomanticism.2.NaturalismNaturalism,amoredeliberatekindofrealism,usuallyinvolvesaviewofhumanbeingsaspassivevictimsofnaturalforcesandsocialenvironment.Asaliterarymovement,naturalismwasinitiatedinFranceanditcametobeledbyZola,whoclaimedat“scientific”statusforhisstudiesofimpoverishedcharactersmiserablysubjectedtohunger,sexualobsession,andhereditarydefects.Naturalfictionaspiredtoasociologicalobjectivity,offeringdetailedandfullyresearchedinvestigationsintounexploredcornersofmodernsociety.ThemostsignificantworkofnaturalisminEnglishbeingDreiser’sSisterCarrie.3.AmericanDreamTheAmericanDreamisthefaithheldbymanypeopleintheUnitedStatesofAmericathatthroughhardwork,courageanddeterminationonecanachieveabetterlifeforoneself,usuallythroughfinancialprosperity.ThesewerevaluesheldbymanyearlyEuropeansettlers,andhavebeenpassedontosubsequentgenerations.4.TheLostGenerationThetermLostGenerationwascoinedbyGertrudeSteintorefertoagroupofAmericanLiterarynotableswholivedinParisfromthetimeperiodwhichsawtheendofWorldWarItothebeginningoftheGreatDepression.SignificantmembersincludedErnestHemingway,F.ScottFitzgerald,EzraPound,SherwoodAnderson,T.S.Eliot,andGertrudeSteinherself.Hemingwaylikelypopularizedtheterm,quotingStein(“Youareallalostgeneration”)asepigraphtohisnovelTheSunAlsoRises.Moregenerally,thetermisbeingusedfortheyoungadultsofEuropeandAmericaduringWorldWarI.Theywere“lost”becauseafterthewarmanyofthemweredisillusionedwiththeworldingeneralandunwillingtomoreintoasettledlife5.ModernismModernwritingismarkedbyastrongandconsciousbreakwithtraditionalformsandtechniquesofexpression;itbelievesthatwecreatet