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COWIsinternationalbridgeprojectsLarsJensenProjectDirectorDesignofmajorbridgesOurmajorbridgetypes…›Suspensionbridges›Cablestayedbridges›Archbridges›Marinecrossingsofanycombination›Highwaybridges›RailwaybridgesOurbridgedesignservices…›FeasibilityStudies›ConceptualDesign›BasicDesignandTenderDesign›DetailedDesign›IndependentDesignCheck›DesignAdviceandConsulting›ConstructionEngineering›ConstructionSupervisionOurspecialistfields…Riskanalysis:›Operationalriskanalysisincl.e.g.›Shipcollisionriskanalysis›Accidentalloads(explosions,fireetc.)›ConstructionriskanalysisDynamics:›Windengineering›Railwaydynamics(runability)›Seismicdesign›Vibrationcontrol(dampingsystems)›StructuralhealthmonitoringsystemsLillebælt,Denmark,1970›Detaileddesign›600mmainspan›Roadtraffic›Closedsteelboxgirder›Aerodynamicallyshapedboxgirder›CorrosionofboxgirderinteriorbydehumidificationGreatBelt,Denmark,1989-1997›Detaileddesign›1624mmainspan›Roadtraffic›ContinuousdeckatpylonsHögaKusten,Sweden,1992-1996›Detaileddesign›1210mmainspan›Roadtraffic›Unusualpylonlayout›AllowforsnowaccumulationatedgeofdeckChacao/Chiloé,Chile,1999and2005›Tenderdesign›1180mmainspan›Roadtraffic›3pylonsuspensionbridge›HighseismicloadHålogaland,Norway,2007-ongoing›Basicanddetaileddesign›1145mmainspan›Roadtraffic›Veryslenderbridge(spantocabledistanceratioishigh)StonecuttersBridge,HongKong,2001-03›Basicanddetaileddesign›1018mmainspan›Roadtraffic›Firsttwinboxdesign›TyphonwindloadMessinaStraitCrossing,Italy,2005and2010-11›Tenderanddetaileddesign›3300mmainspan›Roadandrailtraffic›Firsttripleboxgirder›Steelpylons›HighseismicloadBridgedeckcrosssectionsYemen-Djibouti,2008›Sketchdesign›4x2700mmainspans›Roadandrailtraffic›Foundationsatupto300mwaterdepthIzmitBay,Turkey,2010-ongoing›Tenderanddetaileddesign›1550mmainspan›Roadtraffic›Extremelyhighseismicload›SteelpylonsSungaiJohoreBridge,Malaysia,2006›Tenderanddetaileddesign›500mmainspan›Roadtraffic›CompositeboxgirderdesignBusan-GeojeFixedLink,Korea›Tenderanddetaileddesign›490mmainspan›3pyloncablestayedbridge›RoadtrafficØresundLink,Denmark-Sweden›Tenderanddetaileddesign›490mmainspan›Roadandrailtraffic›TwoleveltrussgirderFehmarnBelt,Denmark-Germany,2010›Tenderanddetaileddesign›724mmainspan›Roadandrailtraffic›Twoleveltrussgirder›3pyloncablestayedbridgePonteNigale,Venezuela,ongoing›Basicdesign›460mmainspan›Roadandrailtraffic›Twoseparateparallelconcretegirders›CommonpylonforbothdecksSutongBridge,P.R.China,2003-2008›Designreview›Aerodynamicinvestigations›Constructionmanagement›1088mmainspan›RoadbridgeRussky,Russia,2010-11›FEanalyses,reviews,windanalyses›1104mmainspan›RoadtrafficIZMITBAYBRIDGE–DetailedDesign›Worldno.4-1550mmainspansuspensionbridge›Extremelyhighseismicload›Shortconstructionperiod-38monthsGeneral›MajorinfrastructureprojectinTurkey.NewhighwayfromGebzetoIzmir.›Approx.$11billionconstructioncost–bridge$1.2billion›Sitelocationapprox.50kilometersEastofIstanbul›BOTproject›Owner:KGM–TurkishMinistryofTraffic›Employer:OTOYOL/NÖMAYGJointVenture›Bridgecontractor:IHI,Japan›Bridgedesigner:COWIProjectOrganisationCOWI›Navigationalclearanceprofile64x1000m›Towerfoundationsatapprox.40mwaterdepthwithbaseisolation›Steeltowers›SouthpierssupportedonSouthanchorblock(integratedstructure)GenerallayoutMaincablesupportatsidespanpiersHydraulicbuffersatsidespanpiersGenerallayout›Closedsteelboxgirderwithtrussdiaphragmsat5mspacing›14mmdeckplate,troughdepth360mmand60mmsurfacing›CorrosionprotectionofboxinteriorbydehumidificationBridgedeck›Sag-to-span-ratio1:9›Prefabricatedstrands›110strandseachwith127nos.5.91mmdiameterwires›1770MPa›781mmdiameterMaincablesClampsandsaddles›Steeltowers/lowweight/increasedflexibility/reducedweight/fastconstruction›SeismicloadcombinationsandnormalULScombinationsaremoreorlessequalingoverningthetowerdesign›Constructedbyprefabricatedelements–22blocks›HorizontaljointsbycombinedweldingandboltingTowersTowers›Reinforcedsoilwithsteelinclusionpiles(~200nos.ø2mdia.)›Gravelbed(3mthick)allowingcaissontoslideduringearthquake›Pre-fabricatedcaisson(54x68x15m)›Compositesteel/concreteshafts(16mdia,t=1.2m)withhighrobustnessagainstshipimpact›SolidplinthswithanchorboltsforfixingofthesteeltowerTowerfoundations›Gravitybasedsolutionfoundedondensesand›Foundationmassif124x58x16m›CirculardiaphragmswallsduetoconstructionpreferencesSouthAnchorBlockSouthAnchorBlockTectonicenvironment›Progressionof20thcenturyearthquakesalongtheNAF›1999earthquakessurfacerupturesmap›Gölcük1999earthquake–7.4magnitudeNorthAnatolianFaultrupturehistorySeismicperformancecriteriaSeismicEventGroundMotionReturnPeriodServicePerformanceLevelDamagePerformanceLevelFunctionalEvaluationEarthquake(FEE)150years(50%in100years)ImmediateAccessNoDamageSafetyEvaluationEarthquake(SEE)1000years(10%in100years)LimitedAccessRepairableDamageNoCollapseEarthquake(NCE)2500years(4%in1000years)-Nocollapse,lifesafetyDamage›FEE–150years:FunctionalEvaluationEarthquake=1999earthquake›SEE–1000years:SafetyEvaluationEarthquake›NCE–2500years:NoncollapseEarthquakeSeismicloadresponsespectraatrocklevel00.511.522.50.010.1110Period(